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2004/05/08 (08:08) from 80.139.168.169' of 80.139.168.169' Article Number : 309
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'(proper names)' ̷
'(proper names)' ̷




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ö 񱳸 Ѵ. 츮 踦 ϰ µ Ѵ. ̶ Ư ̳ 繰, µ Ÿ ؼ Ѵ. öڵ 󼼰 η Դ. ׷ Ѵٴ ׸ ƴϴ.

'(proper names)' ӿ ־θ ִ ̶ ؾ Ѵ. , װ͵ ڸ ۵, ڶ ϰų, Ǵ ӿ  谡 Ǵ ü̴. 'Ʈ', 'ں ', 'Ʈ ' ܼ ȣ̰ ̸̴. ó ̴  繰 δ ̻ м ̴. ̷ ڰ ̴ 繰 ϰ ڷ, ׸ ̴ ణ ͵ ϰ ϰ Ѵ.

Ϲ ̴. 忡 ǹ̸ ٰ ϴ ô ٰ ϴ ٷ ִ. ڴ ǹ̸ Ȯ ϰ ýŰ ְ, ڴ Ȯ ϰ ִ. 忡 ϰ ϴ ̸̶ ؿ װ ȭ ̸̶ ظ ϰ ִ. 忡 ũŰ , ׸ ׿ ̺ ̷ ٷ. ̶ ִ 忡 ̷ ٷ. Կ ̷ ٷ ǥ ϰ ̱ Ͻõ, ׷ ׵ ش ٺ ٸ. ׵ ϰ ִ.
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о : мö
: ̷, , ,

.


츮 踦 ϰ µ Ѵ. ̶ Ư ̳ 繰, µ Ÿ ؼ Ѵ. öڵ 󼼰 η Դ. ׷ Ѵٴ ׸ ƴϴ.

̸ ܼ ̵ Ǵ ܼ ޵Ǿ ϴ ȣ Ѵ. (indivisuals) Ư(particulars) ̸ ִ ؾ Ѵ. '(proper names)' ӿ ־θ ִ ̶ ؾ Ѵ. , װ͵ ڸ ۵, ڶ ϰų, Ǵ ӿ  (relation) Ǵ ü̴. 'Ʈ', 'ں ', 'Ʈ ' ܼ ȣ̰ ̸̴. ó ̴  繰 δ ̻ м ̴. ̷ ڰ ̴ 繰 ϰ ڷ, ׸ ̴ ణ ͵ ϰ ϰ Ѵ.


ظ ̴. ׷ 忡 Ϲ ϰڰ, , ٸ öڵ ؿ ؼ, ׸ Ѵ.


. Ϲ


̷п Ȯ ϰ ΰ ִ Ÿ. ǹ̴ Ȯ ǹ̿ Ͻõȴ. ڰ ö öڵ鿡 ǾԴ. ǹ̴ 츮 ߰س ڿ Ӽ ƴϰ,   ǹ̸ ڰ ϴ 鿡 οǴ ̴.

Ϲ µ ̴ܿ. ,  ܿ ϱ ݵ ϴ ̸, ܿ Ǵ 繰 ̴. , '' 'å' ǹ(sense or meaning) . ׸ ׷ 糪 '(the) '̳ '(the) å' Ȯ ְ, ׷ Ȯ ǹ̸ Ѵ.

׷ 'ũ׽' '' ? , 糪 ׸ Ȯ ǹ̸ Ͱ Ȱ ǹ̸ ? öл翡 ̿  ΰ ִ°ϴ Ϲ ϴµ Ѵ.

ǹ̸ ٰ ϴ ǹ̸ Ȯ ϰ ýŲ. ׷ ô ٰ ϴ Ȯ Ѵ. ̶ Ȯ Ͽ ô ٰ Ѵٸ,  ô ȴ.

 Ȯ ǹ̸ ٰ . ׷ Ȯ ʿѵ, ϻδ 󼭴 ʿ ϴ иġ ǥ ִ. ̰ ϱ⿡ ռ Ȯ ʿ䰡 ִ. '', 'Ƹڷ' ̴. ׸ '̺ ' ' å å' Ȯ̴. ׷ٸ ' (the Bank of England)' Ѱ? װ Ȯ̶ ٴ ̶ ƾ ̴. ֳϸ װ ִ Ű ƴ϶  Ư ̸̱ ̴. ִ.

, ڿ  ȴٰ ִ. ִ ü ڰ ؼ Ǹ ڿ  뺯ϴ ϰԵȴ.

ȭ ȣ 쿡 װ ؼ 쿡 װ ڿ '繰' ذ ֿ ȴ.  ־  ذ ٸ ͸ ƴ, 簡  ؼ ޶. Ȯ  ϴ ؼ . ׷ٸ ü  ǥ ϱ? '䰡', 'ȫ浿' ȭ̰ų 㱸 Ϳ ̸ ֵ ? ׷ٸ ׷ 'ƹ ͵ ʴ(non-denoting)'̸ ġ  Ǵ°? Ư '䰡 ʴ´' δ ε  ? ̸ ϰ, ׸ ܼ  ڸ Īϴ ̶  ο ,  ̸ װ ϴ ̸ ϴ ٸ ̸ ٲٸ ġ 찡 ִµ װ ׷? ⼭ Ǵ ôӸ ƴ϶ ǹ̵ ° ؼ̰, ٸ  ǹ̸ Ŀ ؼ̴.

, ذ ִµ, ϳ ϰ ϴ ̸̶ ̰, ٸ ϳ װ ȭ ̸̶ ̴. 忡 ʷ Ϸ Ѵ.



. ϰ ϴ ̸ ȭ ̸


츮 ϰ ϴ ̸̶ ̴. ̰ Ȯ ޸ ܼ ȣ(label) Ұϴٰ ε, ؿ ϸ ܼ ̳ Ǵ 繰 ̴. ׷ (Ziff) ǹ̰ ̷ 濡 Ϻΰ ƴ϶ Ѵ. ׿ ϸ ' û(rigid designator)', 迡 ϴ ̴. 'Ƹڷ' 迡 ڸ , ׷ 'ö ߿ '̶ 迡 Ƹڷ ٸ 迡 ٸ ڸ ִ. ׷Ƿ ܼ  ڸ Ѵ. ڸ ʱ ڰ ̷Կ ؼ ƴ϶, ܼ ٷ ڶ Ǹ õȴ. ϴ ڰ ڿ ٸ , ڸ ϴ ̴. ̷ ش ٷ 迡 ڸ Ѵٴ ũŰ ġѴ.

ũŰ ô Ȯ Ͽ ִٴ , 迡  Ȯ شǴ ô ϱ Ͽ ̸ Ե ִٴ Ѵ. ׷ Ȯ ̸ ǹ̰ ȴٴ ̴. 'Fido' ̸ ô Fido ʷ ƴϾ ִ. 迡 'ʷ ' ٸ ׷ 'Fido' , 迡 ʷ Ѵ.

׷ 'θ(Feynman)' ؼ ? , θ(Feynman) ڶ 𸥴ٸ  ̸ ٸ ? ũŰ ϸ ̸ '' ̸ ־ ڸ ִ ü谡 ̸ ٸ ȴٴ ̴. ư ¾ θκ ̸ ް ٸ ǰ ڰ Ǿ ̷ ۵ ̴. а ׿ Ͽ ⵵ ϰ ϱ⵵ Ѵ. ̷ 'θ' ٸ Ǹ ̷ ٸ θ ڽſԷ ұ޵Ǵ ü迡 ΰ ǰ ȴ. ״ ʰ ʿ . ü谡 'ٸ ' ſ ִ. ũŰ ˰ ֵ, ΰ ȴٴ Ǿ Ѵ. ״ ̿ Ͽ ʰ ֱ ΰ ؼ ̻ ʱ Ѵ.

ũŰ ҿ ǹ̷ Ұ , ̸ ùٸ 뿡 õ ڿ ̳ , ̸ ڿ ΰ DZ⸸ 䱸Ѵ. ̸ ʴ´ٴ ǹ̷ ҿ ġѴٰ ִ. ׷ ũŰ ̸ ô Ȯ ؼ ִٸ ǹ̷ ƴ ٴ Ѵ. ֳϸ, 츮  ô 𸥴 ϴ ƹ ͵ ʴ Ȯ Ͽ ȴٸ, ⿡ ̸ ̸ ̿ ΰ Ⱑ ̴.

û̱ 'a=b' ϸ ʿ̴. 'a' 'b' ̸̰, 'a=b' ̶, ׷ 'a' 'b' 迡 ڸ Ѵٸ, ̸ û翩 迡 ڸ ϹǷ 'a=b' 迡 ̴. ʿ ȴ.1)

ȭ ̸̶ ̴. ԰ ǹ̿ ô Ͽ ôӸ ƴ϶ ǹ̵ ٰ ٷ ϸ ̾. a b  'a=b' ν 鿡 'a=a' ٸ ? a b 'a' ô 'b' ô 'a' ǹ̿ 'b' ǹ̴ ٸ 'a=b' 'a=a' ν 鿡 ٸ ̴.2)

Դ 'a=b' 츮  ִٴ 'a' 'b' ǹ ̶ Ѵ. ̸ ǹ̸ ִٴ 鼭 ʿ̶ ũŰ  ? ״ 'a=b' ʿ̶ , ʿ (a priori) ˷ ƴ϶ Ѵ. ῡ  ' ' ̸, ħ  'ħ '̶ ̸´ٸ ̸ ༺ ݼ ϴ û̴. ׷ õڵ ̸ ༺ Ѵٴ ߰ ƴϴ. ũŰ ϸ 츮  ؼ װ ̸ ʿ̶ ִ , װ ִ.

׷ Դ ôӸ ƴ϶ ǹ̵ ٰ Ѵ. '' ϻ ̸ ǹϱ⵵ ϰ Ȯ ǹϱ⵵ Ѵ. ״ '' ʴ ̸ ϸ鼭 ̸̶ ϴ ǥ̶ ϰ ִ. ׸ ״ ϻ ̸ ǹ̸ ̸ شǴ ϴ Ȯ ǹ̿ Ұ,  ǥ ǹ̿ ǥ Ǿ 츮 (idea) Ͻϴ Ѵ.

< (logically proper name)>̶ Ư ָ Ѵ. ״ ϻ ϴµ, ̶ ܼ ϰ õ ǹ̰ Ǵ ǥ Ѵ. ڷп 'ܼ '̶ ' (objects of acquaintance)'̴. ׷Ƿ Ѵ. 츮 ϻ ٸ ҿ(sense-data) ̴. ̶ ִ '̰(this)' '(that)', ׸ '(I)'̴. ϻ еǴµ װ ʴ´. 츮 湮ߴ , ׸ ⸸ Ҹ ϸ鼭 '' ſ Ѵ. ׸ ̶ ̷ ǹ̿ ˰ִ ̸ ϴµ, ׷ ̰ '' ʹ ϰ ϰ ִ ƴѰ ؼ .

Կ ϴ, ǹ̰ Ȯ ǹ̿ ϴٴ ش ̸ ǹ̰ Ѵٴ ϰ ȴ. ̷ ̸ ǹ̸ ̸ ϴ Ͽ Ǵ հ Ͻν غ ִ. ׷ ⿡ 'a' 'a  ̴' Ǵ м̰, ׷ ε ̶ ʷȴ. ֳϸ ⼭ 'a' ٷ ' ' ǹϱ ̴. ƮսŸ -ö ̷ õǾ ִ. ƮսŸο ϸ ̸ ǰ Ȯ ǹ̸ ƴ϶, հ ϰ Ǿ ִ. '' 濡 ̾߱Ǵ ̷ ϵ ǹϰ, ׷ ׿ ̾߱ ߿ ŭ ؼ ׷ ʴ´ٴ ȴٴ Ȯϱ Ȯ . ̿ (Searle) ؼ õǾµ, a Ͽ ̹ ˷ Ǵ ߿ ͵ a ʿ ʿ , ݸ鿡 ׷ ۿ ٴ ̴. 𼼰 ܾ簣 ߰ߵǾ̳ װ ̽ Ʈ Ŵ, ׿ ͵ м ƴϴ. ׷ װ ܾ簣 ߰ߵǾٰų ̽ Ʈ ״ٰų  ߴٴ м̴. ƮսŸΰ 䵵 󸶳 a ʴ´ٴ ̱ Ȯ ٰ Ѵ.

ٸ ش (Burge) ̺(Davidson) ȴ. ̵ Ȯ̶⺸ٴ ̴. ״ ϳ Ű ſ 幰, 찡 糪 縦 ʿ Ѵٴ Ѵ. ״ ̸ ƴ϶ ״ 뿡 ū . ' Ű ũ' Ƽ ̶ '' û翡 Ͽ Ǵ ϳ . ' Ű ũ' , ̶ '' ϴ ƿ ޶ٴ ̴. '' ֵDZ , ''  Ͽ ִ ٷ Ӷ ̴. ̷ ش ̸ 'a' ǹ̰ ' Ҹ '̶ (Kneale) ؿ͵ ϸ Ѵ. ũŰ Ǽȯ(vicious circle) ٰ ݴϰ , ׷ ״ ذ  ִ ̷ ִٸ, ׷ ̷п ϵ ִٰ Ѵ.3)

δ ݱ ̷ ȭ ö Ѵ.4)



. ̷


Կ (proper names) ٷ ǥ ϰ ̱ Ͻõȴ. ؼ 츮 Կ ٸ (descriptivists) θ, ׷ ׵ ش ٺ ٸ. 켱, (bearer) ̸ ãƺ ִ. п ϸ ܿ ʴ´. ̸ ǹ̰ . , Ϲ ϴ ƴ϶, ڵ ־ Ǵ ϴ ̸, ̸ ü ٿ,  Ӽ ʴ ̴. , ǻ뿡 ־ 츮 ̸ ϴ , , Ȥ 繰 ð ְ,  Ϳ 䵵 ð , װͿ 츮 ߸ ְ, Ϳ ٸ ִ. ϳ ϰų , ̸ ϴ װ  Ư ִٰ ϴ Űü ƴ϶, ܼ 츮 ϰ ִ Ű ̴.

⼭ ̸ ڸ ϴ ̶, ڰ ̸ ǹ̰ ° ϴ ̴. ׷ (Kent Bach) "ڰ ̸鵵 Ϻϰ ǹ̸ ̰, ڰ ̸ Ÿ 鵵 ǥϴ δ5)" Ѵ. ׷ٸ,  'ŸŬν ʴ´(Santa Claus does not exist)' ǹ Ӹ ƴ϶ ִ° ? ȴ. '- (Frege-Russell view)' Ҹ (Descriptivism) ذѴ. ظ "ǹ(sense)" , ׸ ظ "(abbreviational)" 6) θ.

̸ õǾų ̸ ڰ ̸ ǹ̰ ȴٴ ̴. ڸ Űų ʴ, ̸ ̴  ̸ . ̷ װ ̸ ƴϰ ̴. Ӹ ƴ϶, ڿ Ͽ 縦 Ǵ ϴ ǹϴ. ֳϸ  ͵ ü ̸ ʴ ̸ ƴϸ, ׷ ̸ ü ؾ߸ ϱ ̶ ̴. ü Ѵٰ ϴ ̰ ׸ װ ϴ ڱ̴. ܱ հ Ͽٸ 'ܱ' ϳ ̸̴. ׷ ܱȭ ܱ հ ʾҴٸ 'ܱ' ̸ ƴϰ ' ܱ ȭ ޵ ' ϴ ̴.

տ ߵ, ϻ Ѵ. Ե ϻ ǹ̸ õ Ȯ ǹ̿ ϽϿ. ׷ ǹ̿ ô ̸ źϰ, ǹ̸ ô(denotation) ϽѴ. ̶ Ư ָ ϰ ִ. ̶ Īϴµ Ī ǹ̰ ȴٰ Ѵ. ̶ ǹ̿ ô ̴.

' Ŭ(Bill Clinton)' 'ŸŬν' ͵ "ϻ(ordinary)"̶ ִ. ̰͵ " (logically proper)", ü (individual constants) ִ. ϻ ڷ(sense data) ϱ Ǵ û '(this)' '(that)', ׸ '(I)'̶ ߴ. ϻ "(abbreviated)" Ȥ "(disguised)" Ȯ ̴. ̷п , Ȯ ǥ(referring expressions) ƴ϶, ȭ (quantificational phrases)ν Ѵ. 츮 װ͵ "ñ(denoting phrases)" ȥؼ ȵȴ. ֳϸ ô ǹ̷ Ȱ(inert property)̱ ̴.7) , ߻ϴ 忡 ؼ ǥǴ ô Ŀ ̴. ô Ұ Ѵ.

带 ο ٸ, " 'Ǹ ǪƼ ߸ڴ ڰ Ǿ(The inventor of silly putty got rich)' Ȯ ϴ 忡 츮 (grammatical form) (logical form) ϱ . ̰ ־- δ ƴϴ. װ δ Ǹ ǪƼ ߸ڿ ƴϴ"8) ̴. ̷п , ' F G̴' ־- 'a G̴' ־- , ϳ ƴ " (uniqueness proposition)" θ ִ, ̴. ׷ ȭ Ȯ üǾ(broken up), ȣ '(Ex)((y)(Fy_y=x) & Gx)' Ŀ . , ϳ ̶, 'George Kistiakowski' 'Ǹ ǪƼ ߸' ǥ̶, ̸ ڴ ̸ ϴ ϳ ǥ Ϻΰ ʴ´. "̰ ̸ ϳ ǹ̸ ƴ϶ ϳ Ȯ ϱ 9)"̶ Ѵ.

׷ ñ ǹ̸ Ÿ ô Ѵ Ѵٸ, 츮 ô Ῡ ó ̴ Ե ̴. 츮 ' Ӹ̴' Ѵٸ, װ ' '̶ ǹ̿ ƴ϶, ǹ̷ õǴ δ. ׷ٸ ' Ӹ̴' ? ̰͵ ' '̶ ô ̾߸ Ѵ. ׷ ' ' ǹ̸ Ͱ ޸, ' ' Ȯ ô ʴ´. ׷ 츮 ǹϴٰ ϴ ' Ӹ̴' ̶ ϱ , ǹ ʴ.10)

⼭ ǵǰ ִ ô ϱ . '̺ ' ϴ ̻ Ǿ , 'Ʈ ̺ ڿ'( , Ʈ ̺ ڿ ϴ) ' ϳ ڰ ̺ Ʈ ϳ ߴ' ȴ. ̴ 'x ̺ ٴ x ׻ ƴϰ, y ̺ ٸ, y x ϰ Ʈ x ϴٴ y ؼ ׻ ̴' ȴ. 'C' ñ, 'x C ϴ' Ǵ ϳ x ִٴ ߻ ̴. 츮 Ƹ ׶ x 'C' ô̶ ̴. Ʈ '̺ ' ô̴. 'C' ǹ̶ Ҹ ִ ƴ ̴. per se , װ ϴ  ȿ ıǾ ʱ , ǹ̸ ʴ´.

׷ٸ 4 ȣɿ ܼ ش ó δ. 'Ʈ ̺ ڿ' , 츮 'Ʈ' ġҸ '̺ '  ҵ ʴ´. 츮 ' 4 ׷׷  ˰;ߴ' Ǵ 츮 '׷׷ ' Ǵ '׷׷ ̴' , '׷׷ ' ϳ ӿ Ʋ. '׷׷' ñ Ѵٰ . 츮 Ƹ Ӹ '׷׷ 'κ ̷ ñ ϵ '׷׷' ܼ ü κ ñ ϵ ̴. ׷ ' Ʈ ũ⺸ ũٰ ߴ' ϴ մ԰ 'ƴ, Ʈ ũ⺸ ũ ʽϴ' ϴ ȭ 캸. մ ǹߴ , ߴ Ʈ ũ Ʈ ũ⺸ ũٴ ̾ ο ͼӵǴ ǹ̴ ' ߴ Ʈ ũ Ʈ ũ⺸ Ǵ'̴.

ٽ 4 ̺ ư , 츮 ' 4 Ʈ ̺ ƴ ˰; ߴ' , 츮 ' 4  ̰, ѻ ̺ Ʈ ̾  ˰ ;Ѵ' Ѵ. ׷ 츮 װ ' ϳ  ̺ , ׸ 4 Ʈ ̾  ˰ ;Ѵ' ִ. տ ߵ, ڸ 츮 '̺ ' ̶ θ ڴ ̶ θ. ڴ, ' ̺ Ʈ ƴ 4 ˰ ;ߴ'ν ǥ ִ. , 4 Ʈ Ұ ׸ ' Ʈΰ ?' ٸ, װ ̴.11)

'񽺸ũ(Bismark)' ̸ и 巯. ״ ùٸ ϴ ӿ ִ Ϲ 츮 ġų ϰ ǥȴٰ Ѵ. , ״ 'Ը ʴ (the first Chancellor of the German Empire)'̶ . ⼭ ϱ ؼ ƴ϶, ܼ  ϳ Ÿν ´.

տ ̷ ʸ ̷ Ư ־ ̸ ̴ ̸ ƴϰ ̶ ̴. ̿ ǰ, ߾, ׷鼭 ñ ʰ ϰ ִٸ, ׶ ӿ ִ ̺ ̸ ϴ  ڵ ٴ ̴. ̿ ϱ м Ѵ.12) ,


'  (I met a man)'


. ӿ ϰ ִ


' " x x ΰ̴" ׻ ƴϴ'


̴. ' ״´(all men are mortal)' , ΰ  ̶ ״´ٶ Ѵ. װ x  ̶, x ִ x ״´ٴ ̴. ׷ 'x ΰ̴(x is human)' ſ 'x  ̴(x is a man)' ġѴٸ, 츮 ' ״´' ' " x ΰ̶, x ״´" ׻ ̴' ǹѴٴ ִ.13)

' (a man)'  ҿ , '  ' ' '̶ ҿ Ϸ м ư.  '  ' Ͽ, ' ' ϴ Ƹ ̸, ׸  ̻ ӿ ߰ؾ Ѵٰ ̴. ׷ ϰ Ȳ 꿡 ؼ ? ̳ 踦 Ų. ̶ Ư Ư ̴. 'x' ΰ̶ Ÿ '' ν ȣ ǥ ̴. ̶ 'x' 'x ΰ̴' ǹѴ. ׷ 츮 ϰ '  ִ' ̴. ٽ ' ' 'x' ǥϸ, ' ' , '"x" "x" յ ƴϴ'̴. ٽ ϸ, '" x " "x ̴" յ ƴϴ'̴.

ϰ, Ȳ ձ 簢  ؼ ٴ Լ ŵȴ. ϰ, Ȳ ʴ´ٰ ʰ, ׵ Ѵٰ ٰ , ׷ ״  ȣ ҿ ȣ ϴ ̳ Ǵ ñ ̸ ƴ϶ ǻ ȣ ϴ (entity) ٴ ̶ ϴ ó δ.14) Ȯ м ȯѴ. ̵ ǹ̸ ȿ ǹ̸ . װ͵ ҿ ȣ̴. ,


'Ʈ ̺ ̴(Scott is the author of waverley)'


'Ʈ' ̸̰ '̺ ' ̶ Ѵ. ̸ ι Ѵ. ̸ ܼ ȣμ, ǹ ڸ Ű, ׸Ͽ ǹ̸ ü ڰ ϸ, Ǿ ְ, ǹ̴ ̹ Ǿ ִ. ׸Ͽ 'ǹ' ֵ ִ  ̵ װ ǹ̷κ Ͱȴ.

׷ , ̸ ٸ ͵̴. ϳ ٸ Ϳ ԵǸ, ̸ ȴٰ ϴ, 츮 Ͱ ٸ Եȴ. 'Ʈ ̺ ̴' ο Ѵ. װ л ϳ 쿬 ǥѴ. ֳϸ ٸ  ̺ ְ, ƴϸ ̺ Ҹ Ҽ ֱ ̴. 'Ʈ' 'ӽ ̽' ġŲٸ ̴. ,


'Ʈ Ʈ̴'


. Ʈ ̺ ʾҵ , ׸ ׿ Ҽ ߵ ο ̴. ̶ 'ӽ ̽' 'Ʈ' ġѺ ̴.

׷


'Ʈ ̴'


Ǹ ̴. ̿ δ, ' 'Ʈ' ̸ ' '̶ ̸ ̴' Ѵ. ׸ ̶ ǥ ̸ ̶ Ѵ. , ״ 'ȣ'  ڸ Ű ̸ ƴ϶ ̸, װ, '̿ ϸ带 ' ǹѴٰ ̴.15)

ȿ ñ ̴.


' Ӹ̴'


, ⼭ ' '̶ ñ ϰ ְ ׸Ͽ ƹ ͵ ϰ ʴ. ü ̴. ׷


' Ӹ ƴϴ'

? ̰,


a) ' Ӹ ̴',

b) ' Ӹ ƴϴ'


ϳ ǹ ̴. ׷ a) ϰ ְ ׸ ̸, b) ̰ ׸ ϰ ִ. ޸ ϸ, a) ü شǰ, ʱ ,  ġϰ ִٴ ̰ װ Ӹ ͵ ̶ ϰ ִ. b) Ӹ Ϳ ǰ, Ѵٴ ϰ ִ. ƹ ͵ ʴ ϰ ִ ̴.16)

ִ. " 츮 Ӹ ƴ Ϲ ƹ ͵ ʴ ñ ٷ ְ ش."17) ' Ӹ ƴϴ' ' ̰ Ӹ ƴ  ڰ ִ' ǹѴٸ ̰, ׷ ' ̸ Ӹ  ϳ ڰ ִٴ ̴' ǹѴٸ ̴. ' Ӹ ƴϴ' ' ' ̶ ̰ ̶ ̶ ̴. ' ' ̰ ׷ װ͵ ȿ ' ' ߻ ´. 츮 ٴ ̴.

츮 '(Knowledge by acquaintance)' '(Knowledge by description)' . 츮 ҿ(sense-data) ν ԵǴ ̴. 츮 ҿ ǽϴ Ұ ҿ ҷŰ ǽ ̴. ⼭ '׷׷ ڷῡ Ǵ  ' ̴. ̰ ҿν ϰ ִ ̴. ̿ ٷ ''̴.

ҿ ְ ִ . ֳϸ ҿ ̸ ϰ ִ Ȯ ֱ ̴. ׸ ׷ ҿ ̸ ' '̶ θ. ̴.

ϻ δ 'ũ׽' ִ. 츮 ũ׽ , ׷ 츮 ũ׽ , 'ũ׽' ǹ̿ ̸ ƴϴ. ׷ٸ ũ׽ ϻ 츮  װ ϴ ϱ? װ Ѵٰ Ѵ. , 'Ʈ ̴' 츮 'Ʈ' ' '̶ ̸ ǰ ִ. ׷ δ, " 'Ʈ' Ҹ ' '̶ Ҹ ̴" . ̸ Ȯ̴. ֳϸ 'Ʈ' δ " 'Ʈ' Ҹ "̶ Ȯ ϱ ̴. ׷ 'ũ׽' ̸ ? 'ũ׽' ̸ ϴ " 'ũ׽' ϰ ֽϱ?" ´ٸ, 'ö ', '踦 ׸ ö' ̴. ̶ ־ Ȯ ٸ ִ.

ϻ Ȯ ǹ̸ Ұ, Կ 鸶 ٸ ǹ̸ ο ִٰ Ѵ.

, Դ ٸ ڷ Ҹ. ״ ƴϸ, (references)Ӹ ƴ϶ ǹ̵ ٰ Ѵ. ϳ ̸ ǹ̴ ǥ ̱⵵ ϰ ô (determinant)̱⵵ ϴ. ܾ ƴ϶ 繰鿡 ϱ ϻ ȴٴ , Դ а ǰ Ѵ. ܾ ϻ , 츮 ϰ ϴ ܾ ö Ѵ. ܾ 츮 ǥϴ , ܾ ҿ ؾ Ѵ. ԰ , ǥ ǹ̷(semantic) ߿伺 ν(cognitive) ߿伺 ϰ ȴ.  ǥ ̵ ǹ̸ Ƿ, Ҵ ð ƴ϶ ǹ̶ ִ.

Դ  Ȯ ƴ϶ ǥ̶ Ѵ. ޸ ״ Ȯ ȭ ġŰ ʰ ó ǹ̷ ġ, ڵ ִ ǹ̷ Ѵ. ׷ ǥ ǹ̴ ϳ ڰ ô DZ ؼ Ѿ ϴ οϴ ǹ̷ (semantic role) Ѵ. Ȯó ڰ ǻ ô ο , ׸ ô ʰ, ߻ϴ  ǹ̿ ǹ̸ Ѵ. ̰ ǹ̿ οǴ , 簡 װ ϴ Ͱ ̴. Դ '𼼿콺' ø ʵ ٰ ϴµ, Ȱ ٸ ǥ Ͽ ٸ ǥ , ׷ װ  ǥѴٴ ǥ ¿ ʼ ʴٴ ̴.

ǹ̿  Ȯ ǹ̸ ų, ǹ̰  Ȯ ǥ ִ ʿ䰡 . ǹ̿ (percepts) , - ǹ ɼ д. 츮 ν Ѵٸ, ̰ '̷ϰ ̴ 繰(the thing that looks thus-and-so)' ̶ Ͽ װ Ͱ ġ ƴϴ. ״ ؼ (analogous) ǰ Ȯ ʾ,  Ȯ ġ Ȯ ʾҰ, ǹ̿ ÿ ̷ ̷ ġ ʿ ʴ´.

ǥ 'ǥ (mode of presentation)' ԰ 'ǥ(representation)'̶ ν ǹ Ͱ ſ ٸ. 쿡 ǥ ִ  ٸ δ ǥ . ϳ ' ν '̰, , 'ܼ ǥ ϴ ־ '̴. (public objects) 󿡼 Ѵ. μ ǹ , ̷̳ ̷п ʴ´. ҵ ڵ̰, 츮 ִ 츮 ƴ ҷ Ǿ Ѵ. ׷ ǥ ´ , ǥ ° ǥϴ ƴϴ. ־ 谡 ǹ̷ ŰDZ(mediated) , ޸ ̴. , " ǹ̷(two-tiered semantics) ǹ̷(one-tiered semantics) ̴ ǥ ׵ ٸ νķ ؿ ݿȴ" Ѵ.18)

ϻ Ȯ ̶ , Դ Ȯ ܰ ǹ̷ ߿伺 ٴ ߴ. ̰ "ÿ Ͽ(On Denoting)" ٽ̶ ִ. Ȯ ϻ "(logically)" Ű װ͵ ǹ̸ ƴ϶ ø ʴ´ٴ ̴. ׷ ܰ ǹ̷ ߿伺, ǹ̿ ð ְ, ǹ̰ (primary)̴. ׵ ̿ ұϰ, ǹ е е ؿ , ڰ ̸ ų ִ. ؿ , װ Ϳ ϵ ǹ̷ ִ. ׷ ô ǹ̷ Ȱ̱ ̰, 쿡 ÿ ǹ̰ ̱ ̴.

׷Ƿ ǹ̴ ִ  ø ƴ ̸ ľ ִ ̸ شϴ ϴ Ȯ ǹ̿ ̴. Դ ִ ׷ ǹ ȭ ̷  Ǿ ȵ ϻ ȴٰ Ѵ. ׷ ǹ̴ ޸ Һ̶ 忡 ߾ , ̷ ƴ . ̷ ̸ ǹ̸ ̸ Īϴ Ͽ հ Ͻ غ ִ.19)

Դ ǥ ǹ̿ װ ϴ Ѵ. ǥ ϸ鼭 ǹ(sense or meaning) ־ ٸ ִٴ ̴. Դ ' ' ''̶ ǥ Ѵ. μ ٷ Ằ̴. װ͵ ̶, ׶ ' Ằ̴' ϴ ' ̴' Ȱ ̰, ̰ ˱ ؼ 츮 õ ʿ䵵 õп ˾ƺ ʿ . ׷ ǥ ǹ̿ ÿ '' ' '̶ ǥ ݼ , ٸ  ǹϱ ٸ ݼ Ѵٴ 츮 ϴµ ش. ϳ 'ħ ̴ ' ǹϰ, ٸ ϳ 'ῡ ̴ ' ǹѴ. ׷ ڴ ٰ ݼ Ѵ. ׷Ƿ Ằ̶ ߰ ̴ ῡ ̴ ̶ ̰߰, ߰ õ ̴ Ұ ̴. ׷ ' Ằ̴' ' ̴' ϴ 츮 Ѵ.

Դ ƹ ͵ ʴ 鿡 Ѵ. '丣𳭵尡 ͻ ʴ´ٸ, 丣𳭵 ܾƵ̴' . ' ܾƵ(my only son)'̶, Ȯ Ƶ ׶ ô ñ̴. 丣𳭵尡 ͻߴٸ, ̴. 츮 ô Ῡ 쿡 װ ؾ߸ ϵ, Ǵ ô ñ ϴ 鿡 ̶ ظ ϵ ؾ߸ Ѵ. ô ñ ϴ 鿡 ̶ ظ ؾ Ѵٰ Ѵ.  δ ƹ ͵ ʰų  ͵ ̸ 鼭 ̸ װ ƹ ô , ߱ ִٰ Ѵ.

⼭ , ' 丣𳭵尡 ͻ ʾҴٸ, 丣𳭵 Ƶ̴' 丣𳭵尡 ͻϿ ̶ , ֳϸ ̷ ̱ ̶ ޵Ǿ߸ ϰڴ. װ ٷ ̴. ' , Ÿ ´' Ȯ ̴. ׷, ' 丣𳭵尡 ͻ ʾҴ, 丣𳭵 Ƶ̴' ־ ̸, 丣𳭵尡 ͻϿ, ü ȴ. ׷ ñ ' Ƶ' ǹϴ°? 丣𳭵尡 ͻϿٸ ȭڴ ̹ Ƶ ̹ Ƶ鵵 ̴. ׷ ü ̱ ǹϴ. ׷  ؼ ǹ  Ϳ Ͱ ׷  Ϳ ͵ ƴ ִ°? 츮 ̳ó, 丣𳭵 ̹ ٰ ν, ܿ ϰų ƴϸ ó  Ư ܿ Ǵ ܿ ϰų ̴. ׷ ̳ ̻ 谡 ġ Ǯ 츮 簨 Ž ̶ Ͽ źϰ, ô ̶Ͽ źѴ.20)


.

̿ ٷ ſ ϰ ϴ. տ ϰ ֵ Կ ٷ ǥ ϰ ̱ Ͻõ, ׷ ׵ ش ٺ ٸ. ̷п Ȯ ϰ øΰ ִ Ÿµ, ǹ̴ Ȯ ǹ̿ Ͻõȴ. ׷  ǹ̴ 츮 ߰س ڿ Ӽ ƴϰ,   ǹ̸ ڰ ϴ 鿡 οȴٴ ̴.

׷ ڰ ̸鵵 Ϻϰ ǹ̸ ̰, ڰ ̸ Ÿ 鵵 ǥϴ δ. '- ' Ҹ ذѴ. ظ ǹ , ׸ ظ θ ִ. ϻ Ѵ. Ե ϻ ǹ̸ õ Ȯ ǹ̿ Ͻϰ ֱ , ǹ̿ ô ̸ źϰ, ǹ̸ ô Ͻð ִٴ ٸ.

̷ ʸ ̷ Ư ־ ̸ ̴ ̸ ƴϰ ̶ ̴. ϻ Ȯ ǹ̸ Ұ, Կ 鸶 ٸ ǹ̸ ο ִٰ Ѵ. ٸ ڷ Ҹ Դ ƴϸ, ûӸ ƴ϶ ǹ̵ ٰ Ѵ. ϳ ̸ ǹ̴ ǥ ̱⵵ ϰ ô ̱⵵ ϴٴ ̴. ܾ ƴ϶ 繰鿡 ϱ ϻ ȴٴ , Դ а ǰ Ѵ. ״  Ȯ ƴ϶ ǥ̶ ϴµ, ޸ ״ Ȯ ȭ ġŰ ʰ ó ǹ̷ ġ, ڵ ִ ǹ̷ Ѵ. ׷ ǹ̿  Ȯ ǹ̸ ų, ǹ̰  Ȯ ǥ ִ ʿ䰡 .

ϻ Ȯ ̶ , Դ Ȯ ܰ ǹ̷ ߿伺 ٴ ߴ. ̰ "ÿ Ͽ" ٽ̴. ׷ ܰ ǹ̷ ߿伺, ǹ̿ ð ְ, ǹ̰ ̴. ׵ ̿ ұϰ, ǹ е е ؿ , ڰ ̸ ų ִ. ؿ , װ Ϳ ϵ ǹ̷ ִ. ׷ ô ǹ̷ Ȱ̱ ̰, 쿡 ÿ ǹ̰ ̱ ̴.

Դ ôӸ ƴ϶ ǹ̵ ٰ Ѵ. '' ϻ ̸ ǹϱ⵵ ϰ Ȯ ǹϱ⵵ Ѵ. ϻ ϴµ, ̶ ܼ ϰ õ ǹ̰ Ǵ ǥ Ѵ. ڷп 'ܼ '̶ ' '̴. ϻ Ȯ ǹ̸ Ұ, Կ 鸶 ٸ ǹ̸ ο ִٰ ϰ ִ.

'' ȿ ־ ִ , ̴. ڴ ϰų ӿ Ǵ  谡 Ǵ ü ߾. δ ó ̴  繰 δ ̻ м ̴. ᱹ ̷ װ ʿϴٰ ߴ ̻ ϴµ Ͽ ̻ ü Ϸ ʾҴٴ 츮 ؾ Ѵ. ״ ڰ ̴ 繰 ϰ ڷ, ׸ ̴ ణ ͵ ϰ ϰ ߴ ͻ̴.




1. R. ׷ν, мöС, ű, ǻ, 1988.

2. ũ, ʡ, ȿ ű, μ, 1984.

3. ,Bertrand Russell 忡 ϼ, 泲б п , 1994.

4. ,ͳ٣ μ ϼ, ϴб п , 1985.

5. Russell, B., "On Denoting", Logic and Knowledge, 1905.

6. Bach, K., "Comparing Frege and Russell",

http://userwww.sfsu.edu/kbach/fregerus.html

7. Douglas, G., "Russell's Theory of Descriptions",

http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/Philoswww/c20/Descriptions1.html

8. Height, D., "The Background to the Theory of Descriptions",

http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/Philoswww/c20/Descriptions2.html

9. Kaplan, D., "What is Russell's Theory of Descriptions?", Edited by Irvine, BERTRAND RUSSELL, Routledge, London and New York, 1970.

10. Sainsbury, R. M., RUSSELL, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1979.




[Abstract]

Comparing Russell and Frege about Proper Names



Nam soon-ye (Chungnam National Univ.)

This paper aims to compare Russell's and Frege's philosophies. We describe the world and explain facts by languages. At this time we use proper names in order to present a person, a thing, or a fact. For a long time, many philosophers think a proper name as a passageway between a language and the object world. However, in fact, it is not easy work to define proper names.

'Proper names' must be defined as nouns which is only able to play roles as subjects in propositions. That is, they indicate individuals, and individuals are subjects involved in statements or subjects asserting subjects or relations asserted in statements. For example, 'Scott', 'Elizabeth Windsor', 'Bertrand Russell' are simple labels, that is, names. Moreover, certain objects looking as individuals can be actually analyzed further. Because of this fact, Russell intend to define things looking as individuals as truly individuals, and to define something looking as proper names as truly proper names.

I consider general proper names in chapter II. This chapter treats two different positions, one holding that proper names have meanings and the other holding that proper names only have denotations. The former closely concerns the sense of a proper name with a definite description, and the latter strictly devides proper names and definite descriptions. I consider other two views on proper names in chapter III, one is a view that a proper name is a purely denotative name, and the other is that it is a name assimilated to a description. This chapter treats Kripke's, Ziff's, Burge's, and Davidson's theories. Chapter IV, the main theme of this paper, treats Russell's and Frege's theories. Because of certain superficial similarities in how they handle certain famous puzzles about proper names, Russell's and Frege's views are often assimilated, but actually they are fundamentally different. I explain the difference between them in this chapter.


1) ũ, ʡ, ȿ ű, μ, 1984. p. 80.

2) Ibid., p. 80.

3) Ibid., pp. 75-85 .

4) 뼱 󰡴 տ ޵ ͵ ġ κ ̴. ׷ ̰͵ ׵ ̷ ϱ Ұϰ ͵̴.

5) Bach, K., "Comparing Frege and Russell",

http://userwww.sfsu.edu/kbach/fregerus.html, p. 1.

6) Ibid., p. 1.

7) Ibid., p. 2.

8) Ibid., p. 2.

9) Ibid., p. 2.

10) Russell, B., "On Denoting", Logic and Knowledge, 1905, pp. 8-9.

11) Sainsbury, R. M., RUSSELL, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1979, p. 87.

12) ũ, ʡ, ȿ ű, μ, 1984. pp. 77-85 .

13) Russell, B., "On Denoting", Logic and Knowledge, 1905, p. 2.

14) R. ׷ν, мöС, ű, ǻ, 1988, p. 92.

15) R. ׷ν, мöС, ű, ǻ, 1988, pp. 94-95.

16) R. ׷ν, мöС, ű, ǻ, 1988, p. 97.

17) Russell, B., "On Denoting", Logic and Knowledge, 1905, p. 9.

18) Bach, K., "Comparing Frege and Russell",

http://userwww.sfsu.edu/kbach/fregerus.html, p. 4.

19) ,ͳ٣ μ ϼ, ϴб п , 1985, .

20) ũ, ʡ, ȿ ű, μ, 1984., pp. 77-85 .

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