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2006/10/08 (09:52) from 84.173.44.169' of 84.173.44.169' Article Number : 486
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21 ȸ̷ ٽ - ȥ̷







           21 ȸ̷ ٽ *

            --- ű, ıⱸ, ȥ̷ ߽ ---




                                                   Ź**













  I. ̷а ոø            IV. ȸа ȥ̷

            ̳                           V.  ȸа ȥ̷

  II. ű                         VI. ȸ̷μ ȥ̷

  III. ıⱸ ƻ                              İ



















  I. ̷а ոø ̳




    1) ȸ ̷߽--̷  




   ó ȸп ִ ȸ ڰ ߼(duality) м(dualism) 1) 21⿡  ذå ã Ⱑ . ȭ ű ߴ ٴ ڸ ѷΰ ִ ȸ, Ư Ÿü ΰ ȸ ġ ɼ ׸ŭ Ŀ ֱ ̴. ΰ ΰ 谡 ΰ  ٲ ȸ Ǵ ھƿ ȸ ѷ Ư¡̶, ̴ ȸ ٸ Ǿ ȸ ̷ ȸ ̻ Ұ ɼ £ ǹϴ ؼȴ.  










                                            

* 1999⵵ ۼ

** ȸд ȸб
















 ȸ ȸ̷߿ ֺ ̷ ȸ 켱 Ͽ ̷(structural functionalism) ̿ Ǵ 켱 Ͽ ոø (rational choice model) Ǵ ո̷ (rational action/choice theory; RCT)̾. ̷ ٽɳ 1920 1930뿡 ƴ ȸη, Ư 꽺Ű ̷а ũ ̷п ޾Ҵ. ׷ ٵ ̷ ȸп Ȯ ڸ ϰԵ Ӿ (Robert K. Merton) ¿ ̴. Ư Ӿ ȸηп Ƿ Ǵ  ɡ Ƿ ؼϿ, ̰ ȸ ϴµ Ϸ ϰ ִ.

 Ӿ ɡ̶ ΰȸ ü ǰ µ ⿩ϴ ΰ پ ȸ ξ 踦 ִ ϳ (a way of conceptualizing)̶ ϰ ִ. , ɡ ȣ 踦 ΰ ִ¸ŭ ɡ ߿伺 ϴ ȸ ̷е ܼ ̷ Ҹ ٴ ̷ Ҹ ִٴ ̴.  

׷ Ӿ ϴ ̷ Ư¡  ΰ? 켱 ΰ ϴ ڰ ǵϴ ̷ ְ, κ ڰ ǵϴ´ ̷ ʴ 찡 ٴ ̴. ΰ ԵǴ (consequences) ڰ ǵߴ ϼ ְ ݴ ڰ ǵ ʾҴ ϼ ִ(People may intend to do one thing but may produce actions whose unintended repercussions result in a quite different outcome)2) ״ и ϰ ִ.

 ó ΰ κ ǵ ̷ ʴ´ٴ ڸ ()ϰ ڿʹ ϴ ü ȸ , ġ Ѵ. ְ ̳ ǻ簡 ΰ (non-human) ȸ ޴´ٴ ٲپ ϸ ȸ Կ ־ ɸ³ ū ġ ϸ, ɸ ʹ (exogeneity of motives) ̶ п ٴٸ ȴ.

 ̿Ͱ ϴ ȸڵ Ӹ ƴ϶ȸ3) Կ ־ ̳ ȸ ü  ġ° (endogenization of actor's preferences)4) ← Ծ. Ư ȣ5) ɸǸ ǥϿ ڵ ոø ϴµ ⿩Ҹŭ ȸ켱кٴ ڿ켱 Ͽ.




    2) ̷߽--ո ø

 ȸ켱п Ǵ ոø(Ű ̷п Ե) ֿ Ư¡ ϸ 6).

a) ڴ  ־ (exogenous resources/ preferences) ڱڽ ذ踦 ؼ ִ ո (rationally self-interested) ȰϷϸ,

b) ΰ ڽ ÿ ڿ ޴ ذ ȣۿ (actor interdependencies) ؼ Ƿ,

c) ΰ ڴ ڱڽ ߱ϰϴ ذ踦 ϰų, Ǵ ޴ ذ踦 ' Ͽ (recompute the structure of interdependencies within the specific ranges of actions) ٸ ޼Ϸ Ѵ.

 ̻ ոø Ѽ Ͽ ܼ ˼ ֵ, ΰ ϴ ִ. ׷, Ѽ ұϰ ȸ ̷п ոø ŷеǴ ϳ ǿ ġ ȸ ߿伺 ڽ ̳ Ⱑ Ǿƴϰ ϵ ϴ Եȴٰ ̴.

 ϰ ո ø ϸ, 쳭 (Michael T. Hannan)7) μ ո (rationality) ټ Ǵ ü ո ۿ ̹Ƿ, ȸп ٷ ִ ո  øδ μ (micro-level) ո 𸣳 ܼ (macro-level) ո ϴ ۿ ٴ ̴. ý̳ 8) ϴ ̸ åӺл" (diffusion of responsibility), ӽ (free-rider), 硰 (public goods), ׸ ü (system clogging)    ϰ Ǵ ո øδ Ըɼ , ո ø ϴ ó ׻ ڽ شȭ ϴ ƴ϶ 󼭴 ڽ شȭ Ҽ (sub-optimal) 쿡, ڽ ܺ з (coercion)̳ Ұ׷ 9) Ư ۿ Ȳ Ÿ ȴ.

Ƹ, ո ø ε巯 ڵ Ư ϱ ̹ ǥ Ϻ Ȯϰ ƴ϶, Ư ׸ Ͽ ǵߴ ϰ ̶10) ġ ܼȭ ̶ ̴.     




     II. ű

ռ ̷ ո ø ϱ ̹ ű (neofunctionalism) ̸ ӵǾ Ծ. űǶ  Ϲȭ 1980 ߹ݿ ˷ (Jeffrey Alexander)11)  ϸ鼭 Ϳ. Ľ Ӿ ̷ Ǵ ̷ Ͽ ο Ǹ ȸڵδ 縸 (Niklas Luhmann)12) 뼭 ټ ڵ ԵǾ ־.

 ׷ٸ, 1950 1960 ̱ ȸа踦 dzϿ ̷ ó ű ۿ °? ̷ ̽ Ž 鿡 ޾Ҵµ ̽ ̶ ȣ Ͽ ո ø Ͽ ̷̸߽, Ž 鿡 ȸ ׻ (homeostasis) (equilibrium) ¸ ϰ ִ ϴ ̷ ϴ ̷а, ȸ ¸ ϰ ִ ƴ϶ ұ (disequilibrium) ¿ ־ öǾ ִٴ (conflict-ridden) ̷а 浹ϰ ־.13)

ü ̷п 캸 .

ù°, ̷δ ȸ Ҽ ٴ ̴. ̰ ̷а ȭ̷ (differentiation theory) ϰ ϰ ִ. , ȭ , ȸ ȭ ȭ (uneven march of differentiation and integration) ϴ ȸ ɸ鿡 ȭ ϴ ģ Ŀ ٽ ȭ, ̶ ݺϰ Ǹ ̷ ȭ ӵ ӵ ߾ ȭְ ̷ ϰ Ǹ ȸ ߱ɼۿ ȴٴ ̴.

 ȭ̷ , ȸ ұ¿ ԵǴ ȸҾȰ Ǿ , ȸҾ ġ, , 鿡 ȭ ̵ ȣ 踦 ϰ ӽ ִ ոī ؼ ɼ ߱ȴٴ ̴.

 ׷ ̷ ȭ̷ û ʴ´ٴ ű ̴. ű ̷а ̷ ü ڸ ܽϰ ƴ϶, 볳Ҽ ȸ (non-teleological) ȸ Ϸ ִٴ ̴. ̷ ؼ ȸ ϴ м (functional analysis) ѵ  ɵ ϴ ߽ м (action analysis)14) ּ κγ ؾ ϰ ִ.

  °, ̷δ ȸ óִ Ư Ȳ ٴ ̴. Ͻ15) ȸڴ ̷ ȸ ϸ鼭 ܼ ü賻 (endogenous factor) Ư ȸ ܽ ( a-historical) м ϰ Ƿ´ ߿伺 ϰ ִٴ ϰ ִ.  

 Ͱ ΰ ǿ ϰ ִ ű Ʒ 4 ⺻̴:

a) ̷пó ȭ(neo-evolutionism) ״ Ͽ ȭ ұԸ ȸ (societal level) ѽ ϱ ٴ ּ ̻ ȸ ̳ ȸ (world systems level) ȭ ؾϸ16),

b) ȸ ȭ Կ ־ ͸ ȭ ƴ϶, ȸ Ư (historical specificity) ؼ ؾ ϸ,

c) ȭп ϴ ȭ (evolutionary universals) ϳ ұϰ ̷п ̰ ̷л ǻȸ ȸ ü ϴ ̻ ġģ شܷ ϰ Ƿ ̰ ̻δ ΰȸ мҼ 17),

d) ̷ ȸ ȭ ϰ ִ ġ (complacent liberal optimism)18) ؼ ϰ־ ΰȸ ο (seamy side) ǵ ܸϷ ϰ ִٴ ̴.

 ׷ ̻ űǰ ۿ °? 1960뿡 鼭 2 踦 dzϿ ϱ ϸ鼭, ΰ ո ΰ ܼ ŵҼ ۿ (straight line of history)19) (Ư ٴȭ̷ ٽ ̷) ϰ ǰ, ȸ̶ ٺ ȭ ̷δ ٷ ̶ Ǿ. Ӹ ƴ϶ ΰ Ǵ ΰȸ ɱ ȭ (functional-structural differentiation)20) ׳ ġ θ Ⱘ ϰ ƹ ǽľ ǥϰ ɰ иϹǷ ̷п ߿伺 õǾ ߿伺 ٽñ ΰ ̴.

 ȯϸ, ΰȸ ¿ ؿ ο ȸ ̷ϴ 츮ȸ ϵ ִ̲ ڰ ־ Ѵٴ ̴. ̷ ٸ, űǴ ռ ո ø ϸƻϴ ó , ̵ ̴ ȸ ߿伺 ٰ ϸ鼭 ȸ ū δ ݸ, ȸ ܽü ߿伺 Ϲ ϰ ִ ̴.

 ٽ ѹ ű ߷, ̷п ϴ ȸ ȸü ؼ ʿ 䱸ǵ (societal system needs) ߰Ͽ, ű̷п Ȧϰ ٷ Դ ܱǷ (power conflict)̳ ڵ鰣 ذ (conflict of interest among the collective actors), ׸ ̰ Ƿ̳  ļ ġ Ǵ° ϴ а м ִ ̴.

    

  III. ıⱸ ƻ




  űǰ ȸ ߿伺 ٰ Ͽ, ȸ߽ Ӽ Ͽ. űǴ ȸ ڰ , Ǵ ȸ̷п Ž ȸ̷߽а ̽ ̷߽а (macro-micro linkages) ϰ Ͽ.

űǰ ó ȸ ڰ 踦 ƿ ȸ ڰ и ϴ ̸ ȭ̷(de-differentiation theory) Ͽ ̸ þ ıⱸ (post-structuralism) Ǵ Ʈ ̶ Ѵ.


 ıⱸǰ ǥϴ 3 :

a) ݱٺ (anti-foundationalism) -- ȸ ϴµ ɼ ִ  Ȯ ̷е ȥ ִ ȸ ϳ ܼȭ Ģ Ϸ õ ü ٺ ߸ ̶ ̴. ΰȸ ּ ϸ ȥ ¿ ִ ȸڵ Ӹӿ ִ Ȳ ϻ̸, ȭа ȭп ˼ ֵ ڿкоߴ ޸ ȸко߿ 밡 Ϲ̷ (trans-historical generalizations)̶ ãƺ ٴ ġ ִ.

b) ü (decentred subject) -- ȸ ̰ ȸ ߱Ų ڰ ־ ǵ ŸԵǴ ƴ϶, ڰ ǵߴ Ͱ ٸ ȴ. ȸ ڽ ñ Ǵ ϰ Ǵ ƴϰ ڸ ִ ȸǿ ؼ ްԵȴ. ̷ ٸ ıⱸǴ ̷ ȸϴ ̰ ִ.

c) ̷а -- ıⱸǿ ȸ ̷ ȸ ̴ ̴ ݿ ƾ Ѵٴ ϰ ִ. ȸ̶ ΰ Ƿ س ̷а ƹ ̾ (continues in time) ֱ ̶ ̴. ̴ ȯϸ ıⱸ ̷а鿡 ϸ ٺ å ̶ ܾ (signifiant) å̶ ü (signifie) ̴ ̴ ʴ Ͱ , ̷̶ ϻ ü ľϴµ ϵ Ѵٴ ̴. ȸڵ ϴ ̷а ϴ ǻȸ Ƿ ȸڵ Ӹӿ ׷  ̷ ظϷ ϱ⺸ٴ ƿ ̷ ü ü (deconstruct) ٶ ϴٴ شܷ ִ.

 ̷ ǻȸ 뺯 ϴ ̻ ϳ ¡ ǹ̸ ̸, Ư ؾ , ȸ̷е Ѱᰰ ȸ ϴ ó ϰ , ġ ߻ ̷а ü (extra-theoretical material existence) ϴ ̰ ü ȯ ̶ ̴. ϴ ̵ üΡ ü ڼ 캸 ̷ µ Ǵ ϳ ʱ ̶ ̴.

 ıⱸ ̰ ġ ǻȸ мϴµ ֱ⺸ٴ ȥ ȥ ɼ £. ׷ ̿Ͱ ϰ ̴ ٺ Ǿ? ̴ ̷а ̿ 븳Ǵ ո ø ٰ ǻȸ ϴµ ϳ ⸻Ρ ۿ · Ÿ ̶ Ҽ ְڴ. 켱 ̰ ޹ħִ  캸:

a) ٿͰ ȸ ȭǰ ִ ɺȭ (functional specialization), ׸ ȿ Ÿ꼺 (efficiency and calculability) ߽ϴ dz ΰ ѳ μǰ Ű Ҵ. ̰ ΰ ֱ⺸ٴ ŻϿ ΰ ̸ Żΰȭ (de-personalization) · ϰ ִٴ ̴. ΰ а ൿҼ ִ ̳ Ǵ ϰ ؽ ȥӿ ִ.

b) ΰ ϻ ؿԴ ǹ̸ ع ¿, ر ߻ а (abstract mathematical formulae)  üϴ ǰ ִ. ǥδ Ϻϰ ̴ ̵ аĵ鵵 İ ȮǼ Ҿ öǾ ־ 츮 Ȯϰ ִ . ո ü ϳ 㱸 ʾ21) Ȯ Ѵٴ ̴.

c) ̷ ߿ ȸ̷п ǽ źǾ Դ Ⱓ ̷ ü ˵Ǵ ġݰ ȴ. ǥ , ںп ȸ ϱ Ѱ ߿伺 ũ ΰŰ ִ , ̷ ġ ̶ ȭ 뵿 ̿ (materiality of the economy)22)θ ϰ ϰ ִٴ ̴.

׷ ıⱸǿ ȭ ܼ ϳ ޾ ̱⸦ źϰ ȭ ϳ ̸鿡 縮 ִ ȭ ϰ Ǵ ΰ, ȭ ϱ ؼ ݵ ߾ ΰ ǥ (money as a symbol system) ū ΰ ִ.

ٽøϸ ıⱸǿ ȭ ǥǴ ܼ 迡 Եȴٰ ߴ ں ü ٺ ϰ ں 迡 ԵDZ ν ̹ Ϲݴ Һ󿡼 Եȴٴ ٸ ϰִ.

̿Ͱ ıⱸǿ ںǻȸ ϸ鼭 Ͽ Ŀ ϱ ٴ öϰ ܽ Ͽ Һ (mode of consumption) Ǵ ȭ (mode of culture; mode of signification)23) ߿伺 οϰ ִ. ̰ ıⱸ ȸп ѵǾ ƴϰ , ö, ɸм̳ ȣп ƴ. Ư ȸп ڿ ȸ ̻Ӹ ƴ϶ ̽ Ž ̸ ƿ شܷ ġݰ ־, ıⱸǴ ϳ ϵ ̷ Ҹ ٴ Ϸ ̸ ⵿ ȭ (free for all strategy of de-differentiation) θ Ÿ 24).

 ׷ ̻ ıⱸǰ ȸ ̷п   · ִ°? ռ ٿͰ ٵ ȥ ıⱸǴ ȸ̷п ƴ ں ȸ ġ м µ Ͽ ( ⼭ ġ м ٸ  мٵ ϴٴ ƴϴ). ϸ ıⱸ ̷а25) ں ٽɳ ٺ ϱ ϳ ںǻȸ ̲ ǰ ƴ϶ ǰҺ ϰ ִ.

 ̱ , ̻ ıⱸ ̷а Һ 켱С (primacy of consumption) ̹ Grundrisse ϸ鼭 ǰ̶ Һ ϴ ̱⿡, ǰ Һ ǰ , ̴ ǰ Һ ǰ 켱 ۿ 26) ׸ ״ ϰ ִ ̴.      

  ıⱸǰ ȸ̷ ̺ κ Ͽ μ ȸ̷ ⺻ (basic presuppo sitions) ϴµ Ͽٰ ϰ ΰȸ 麸ٴ ΰ۵ ġμ ȸ̷  Ű ٴ ؽŲ 򰡵DZ⵵ Ѵ.


׷ ⼭ ü ıⱸǰ ȸ̷п  ƴ° ٿ츸27) 캸 .

a) ıⱸǴ ΰȸ ó ܼ ƴϰ ٴ ϰ ִ. 캸Ҵ , ̷, ̷, ոø Ѱᰰ ȸ ܼ а Ҽ ϰ , ıⱸǿ ̰ ϰ ִ. ıⱸǴ ΰȸ ܼ ü (mechanical system) ʰ üʹ ٸ ü (complex system) Ǵ ȥü (chaos system) ϰ ִ. ׷ ü Ǵ ȥü28)  Ư¡ ִ°?

 ù°, ü迡 óδ Ҵ ȸ ٹݻ Ÿ ȴ. ȸ  ϰ Ұϸ,

 °, ġ ũ ġ ũⰡ ǹ̰ ƹ 赵 ãƺ (significance and statistical numbers have parted ways) ̴. ġδ ̹ óǾ   ȸü ġ ϸ Ǿ ȸ ΰȸ ü û Ǵµ ̿Ͱ ̹ϰ ݰ ̴ ȸ ̷δ ٴ ̴.

b) ȸ̷п ȸü ü ִ ϳ ϵ ֵ (goal-setting agency) ׻ ִ Ͽ , ϳ ϵ ֵ¿ ؼ ΰȸ Ǵ ƴ϶, ʹ µ ϴ ȸ , Ǵ ŭ ϳ ϵ ̷ ȸ ٴ ıⱸ ̴.

 ̰ ıⱸ ȥ̷п Ǵٸ · Ǿ Ÿ.

          

    IV ȸа ȥ̷




 1. ȥ̷




 α ȯ湮 ϴ ȸڳ ڵ̶ Ƹ ȥ̷п ǿ Ҽ ִ ȸ ־ ̴. ƽ ȭ (logistic evolution)29)̳ ۡ(emergent evolutionists) ϴ ۡϰ (emergent structures) Ǵ ۡ (emergent evolution) ̹ α ȯå ̳ ȸп ȸ Ǵ ȸ ϴµ ϻ Ȱǰ ִ ̴.

 켱 ⿡ ȸе鿡Դ ټ ϰ ȥ̷п Ȳ õϱ , ü ֱ ȸ ǿ ȥ̷ ϰ Ѵ. ȸко߿ 鿡 о߷ Ҹ ִ п ȯ湮 ٷ뿡 ־ Ű ̷а Ͽ ȥ̷  Ӱ Ȱϰ ִ 30).




    () ȯ湮 Ű


    (a) ü ȯüʹ ϳ ü踦 ϰ ִ

    (b) ȸ Կ ־ Ű ̷ ΰȸ ٺ 缺

        迡 ϰ ִ. ڹ ȸ Ϸ ϰ ִ

    (c) ȸ ΰ ո һ ƴ϶, ܼ

        (linear) ϴ. ׻ ¸ Ϸ ִ

           

      () ȯ湮 ȥ̷ 31)




     (a) ü ȯü 踦 ϰ ־ ȯ湮

         

     (b) 缺 ܽϰ ٷ ̹Ƿ, ڹ

         ̷ ٴ ȭ ٷ ̳, (climatology), Ǵ  ȥ            ̷ ٷ (post-chaos math) ȸ õ

         ؾ Ѵ. ΰȸ 谡 ƴ϶ ü

     (c) õ ȮǼ ʸ ΰ ־ ܼ ٴ

         ܼ (nonlinear) ۿ .   




   غ, ̷ ȸ ̷е ,ļ ܼθ ȸ Ϸ Ͽ ٴ ȸ ϴµ Ҵٴ Ȯϰ ְ ִ.

  ׷ ȸ Ѱ?

  Ϻ ȸڵ32) ̱ , ںп Ͽٴ ٷ ȥ̷ ȸ ̷ Ǿٴ ϰ ִٴ 忡 ˼ ֵ, ̳ (Ư ֽ) ȥ̷ ϰ ˼ ִ. Ϻ ȸڵ ȥ̷ ʸ ȸ ٽɳ(the advent of chaos theory provides fresh backing for the fundamental ideas of scientific socialism) ġϴ ̶  ϰ ִ.

   ü ⼭ ֽ Ͽ ٽ ѹ 캸. öϰ źϿ ֽ ϰ ȥ ̴ ȸ ڿ θ ϴٴ ʾҴ. ̺ ڿ ɼ ֵ 縦 Ͽ Ӿ ߻ϴ ȸ ǵ ߸ Ҽ ִٴ ̴. ó п ̺ ȥ̷ ϰ ڿ ȸ ȥ̷ ְ ִ.

 ߿ ٽ ϰ, ȥ̷ ٽɳ̶ Ҹ (bifurcation; period doubling)33) ڿп ϸƻϸ, ȸп ֽ ϴ ߼ǻȸ ٴںǻȸ ϴ ΰ ÿ ְ ִٴ ̴. ȯϸ, п ǵǴ ΰ ħ (difference in basic genetic make-up) 鿡 ̰ ( 2% ̹ۿ ) ̰ ̼ ̰ Ǹ Ư ġ ȥ̷п б ϵ 鿡 еǴ ΰ ħ ̷ ϰ ȴٴ ̴. ȥ̷п ϰ ִ Ī ȿ (butterfly effect) ǹ̸ ǻ ٸ ̿Ͱ ȥ̷а ִ Ǵ ̴.

 Ӹ ƴ϶, ߼ǻȸ ٴں ȸ ȭ (accumulation of quantity) ƴ ȭ (qualitative jump) ̷ ͵ ȥ̷ б ϵ ٸٰ ٴ ̴. ̴ ȥ̷ ִ Ű Ǹ, Ǿ ʴ (static state; being) ٴ ̴ Φ (dynamic process; becoming)34) ϰ ϰ ְ ִ. ̳ , ֽ ȥ̷ ڶ 帶 ϰ ִ.

 ֱ ȸп ȥ̷ Ϸ ̰ ִ° ϱ ó ȥ̷а ۡ ߽ ϳ Ҹ Ÿ俬 (Santa Fe Institute) ȰȲ Ѵ35). ̽б Ÿ俬 Ⱓ (SFI science board member) Ȧ36) ȸп ̳ пó ȥ̷ ɼ ִٴ Ȯ Ÿ Ҽ ٴ ϰ ִ. ״ ȥ̷ ٽɺκ â Ͽ Ѵ:




    â 츮 (Ÿ俬 ȸко ̷а) ġ

      ΰ ϳ Ȯ ǰ

     ׷ ִٴ Ǹ ǻ ó ٸ

     . , Ȯϰ Ը ϰ â

      Ѵٴ 츮 ʴ´.37)




 Ư ȸ ȸко߿ ȥ̷ Ǵ Ȯϰ ΰ ϴ  Ư ȣ (interactions)ϴ Ȳ (critical mass) ȥ̷ ǹǷ Ȳ ΰ ξ κ ȥ̷ Ը Ⱑ ƴٴ ̴.

 ̻ ȥ̷ Ư ̵ Ÿ ̷а ǿ οϿ ϰ ִ. ݷƴ ȸб̱⵵ Ÿũ (David Stark) ̷п οǴ 桱 (prisoners' dilemma)̷п38) Ȳ ִ ˼() ڱڽ ϸ鼭 ˼() ɼ ֵϴ ,  Ư ѻȲ (б Ÿ ġѴ) ٴٸԵǸ ڽ 濡 ϰԵǸ 浵 ݵ ڱڽſ ̶͡ ȴٴ ̴. ̷ ˼() Ͽ ڽ ϴ ʰڴٴ ٴ ϰ ִ.  

  ⼭ Ǵ ڿпʹ ޸ ȸп ѻȲ ü  · Ÿ Ǵ° ִ ̷ ʰ , ̰ ȸп ȥ̷ ȥ ̵ ִ ̴. ׷ Ѱ и ȣ39) ϴ Ǵ ȯ̷δ ڽ Ϳ Ǵ ˼() ڱ ٲپ ڽ ƴ ûϰ Ǵ ٴ ̴. ó δ ϱ  ȥ ´ ȥ̷ ߸ ظҼ ̴.

  Ѱ , Ϻ ߱ ȸ ü ü ޼ ġ鼭 ȸ ü ãƺ а Ͽ, ̰ ̹ д ںǻȸ źŰ ƴ϶ ְԵ ̴. ̷ ̵ ߱ ߱ ϴ ں ü ƴϿ ׷ٰϿ ȸ üó ο öϰ ϴ 40) ƴ ̸ 콺 ¡ (moebius-strip ownership) 3 ü41) ȭ âó ǿܷ Ʈ (emerge)Ǿٴ ̴.

    

   2. ȸ ȥ̷




  ȸп ȥ̷ ã´ٴ ٲپ ϸ ȥ̷ ȸ̶ й ۿ Ե ٺ Ըϴ ۾̳ ٸ . 켱 ظ ȸ . ȸ̷ , ȸ ٷ ȸ ̷  ΰ 뺰ȴ.

ù° ȭ ȭ (neo-evolutionism)̰ ° (historicism)̴. ȭ տ Ͽ â ̹ ȥ̷ ħ ־ ̻ ʿġ ȥ̷ Ҹ ־, Ǹ ڼ мغ ȥ̷ ȸп ٷ ۿ ° 縮 ϰ ̴.

 ׷ ǰ ȸ  ϰ ִ ٽɿ 캸:




(1) ȸ̶, Ը , ƴ϶ Ҵ ̸,

   ΰȸ ȸ̶ ϴ ƴϰ ٸ Ư Ȳ ̴.

(2) ȸ ϰ ̷ . ȸڵ̳

   ڵ ϴ ȸ ⼺ (directionality)̶ ʴ´.

(3) ȸ̶ ȸü賻 (endogenous) ƴ϶, ȸü

    (external forces) ؼ ߱ȴ.

(4) ȸ (cumulative) ̷ ʴ´. ȸ ұԸ

    ȸ ޹ħ ִ ƹ ٰŸ ߰

   ̴.

(5) ȸ ϰ  Ģ ã .

(6) ȸ ȭа ϳ ܼ ϱ⿡ ʹ

   ԵǾ ִ.




 ̻󿡼 мغٸ ȸ ȥ Ͽ ȥ δ ¿ ȸ ذ ۿ ؼȴ. ׷ ̿Ͱ ȥ¿ ȸ ֵϴ ٺ ã پ ̷ ȥ̷ ̴. ϸ ȥ ġ ̴ ȸ󿡼 ٱ ãƳ ϴ ڵ ȥ̷а̴. ȥӿ (order out of chaos) ã õѴٴ ΰ ȸ ϰ м  ۾ ȴٰ ϰڴ. ش ǥ ٸ, ȥ̷ Ͽ ΰ Ժ ׵ Ѱ踦 Ϸϰ ִ° ̴.

 ⼭ ڿе ϴ ȥ̷ ڼ ʿ , ȸко߿ ȥ̷ ǰ ִ¸ŭ ظ ؼ 켱 ϰ ̷ 캸. ø 湮 ̶ Ѱᰰ ȥ Ӱ ̴ Ŵ ð ġ ʴ տ ϰ ִ ߰ϰ ̴. ó ܰ߻ ô̳ ȥ ̴ ϶Ծ ִ ? ̿ ش ȥ̷42)  ȸ α 鿩 Ǿ° ϴµ ڿ ã ȴ.

  ȥ̷п õ ڷ  ϱ տ ̷ (complexity theory) ȥ̷ Ͽ 캸43) ̷ ȸ ¸ ϰ ϰִ ̷е ȥ̷а ߰ ġ ְڴ. ̷е ȸ ¸ ϰ ֱ ϴ ݸ鿡, ̷ ̷п ؼ ȸ ̳ ɼ ȸ µ ̰ ִ. ׷ ȥ̷п ȸ ұ¸ ϰ ־ Ҵ ̰ ȥ¿ ϵ Ģ ãƳ ϰ ִ. ׷ Ϲ ̷е ȥ̷ ֿ ԽŰ 찡 . ü ȭ ȯ湮 ŷеǴ ȥ̷ κ ȥ̷кٴ ̷ £.

 ȥ̷ Ǵ ǥ Ʒ .

(1) ȸ, ̳ ұԸ ҿ´ ߻ߴٰ Ҹǰ °?

(2) ָ ƴ϶ ȭ ٸ ȸ Ǵ ΰ?

(3) ȸ ƹ ۽ Ÿ Ǵ°?

(4) ΰ ϴ ϰ ִ ٸ ϳ ü (a single entity) ϴ°?

(5) ǻ ߸ ü鵵 ʰ ״ Ǵ ִ°?

(6) 츮 ȹ ϵ ȹ õ Ű ʰ ߵ ǰ °?

(7) ü ݵ ùٸ ̲ ִ°? ׷ ʴٸ ִ°?

(8) 40⿡ ģ ҷ 谡 1989⿡ ڱ Ǿ?




 ̻󿡼 ȸ ȥ̷ ̷е ÿϰ ش ߴ Ͱ Ȯ ش õҼ ְԵ Ƹ б ߴ޿ ǻ ̴. ̿Ͱ ȥ̷̶ õ ü̷ (dynamic systems theory) ԵǾٴ ̷а ϸƻѴ. Ϻ ڵ б ߴ޼ӵ ̷ ߴ ӵ ִ ǥ ʰ ٷ ȥ̷ 忡 ãƾ Ѵٴ ϰ ִ.44)













       VI ȸа ȥ̷




 ̻󿡼 ٿ ȥ̷ ɼ ִ پϴ. Ÿ俬 CAR (computer-assisted reasoning) 45)̳ ε 46) Ҽ ֵ ȥ̷ ȸ ϴµ ɼ ִ پϴ. Ư ó ȸ̳ п ٷ ִ ̷п ̺ (cyborg) ̸ ػ (quasi-biologism)̷ ̷ ϰ ִ. ̴ ȯ ܰ ϰ ־ ü ΰ迡 ⸸ ƴ űⰡ ü ΰ迡 ΰڽŵ ʰ, ΰ̻, ϰ ְ ִ. ش ǥ ٸ ó ȸ ΰ ű⸦ Ҽ ΰ ű ӿ ĹԵǰ (embodying human agency in material artefacts)  ΰ ű μǰ ع (man becomes the physical appendage of the machine) ΰ 踦 Ҽ Ǿ ȴٴ ̴.47)    

 ̷п Ư ȥ̷ ްִ ϳ ̷е ġ ü ߻ϴ ȭ ϳ (noise) ٷ ̷ ü ϰ ־ٴ ̴. ü ǻ ׻ 帣 ڿ ̷ Ͽ ġ ȥ (chaosmos)48) (cosmos) Ϸ ̳ ٸ ٴ ̴. ü ΰ ո ø ϰ ִ ó ոθ ̷ ٴ κ ̷ ȸ ϴ° ̹ ڵ鿡49) ǰ ƴ϶, 濵κп ޺ϴ üӿ Ƴ ؼ ȥ̷ Ͽ 濵 ٲܼ ۿ 50) Ȳ ٲ ִ.

  ׷ٸ ȸп  о߿ ַ ȥ̷ Ѱ 캸.  

ȸп ִ ȸ ڰ ,  Žٹ ̽ٹ , ο켱а ȸ켱 ȥ̷ . ܼ ΰ 𿩼 Ѵٴ 常 Ǯ ,  (critical point) ϴ Ǿ İ صǴ° Ͽ. Ѱ غ 𷡸 ׾ ø 𷡼 ȸ̷ε ɼ , ϴ 𷡼 𷡸 ׾ øԵǸ 𷡼 ü ġ ¸ ó Ǵ ġ ܼ ȥ̷ ؾ߸ ظҼ ִٴ ̴.

  ȥ̷ ƽ  · Ÿ α 51), ǰ 鿡 İ ǵ ȮǴ , ׸ γ ൿ ð ̳ Ÿ ִ ȮǴ ̰ Ρ ȥ̷ Ͽ߸ ɼ ִ. ̿ ǿ ȯ湮 ٷ ȸå52) ȭ ϰ Ǵ ΰ53) ȥ̷п ٷ â ǥ Ҽ ̴. Ÿ길 54) ȭ Űü Ǵ ΰ ܼ λ Ǵ ִ ȯ ʴ ܼ ؼǾ ʵȴٴ ̴. ȭ λ Ǵ ̿ ãƺ ο ΰ谡 ǰ Ǹ, ΰ ȭ Ͽ ΰʹ 鿡 Ǵ â Ÿٴ ̴.

  ڼ öС (The Philosophy of Money)55) ٷ ִ ȸ ȥ̷ 캸. ܼ μ ġ (substance value) ϰ ִ ȭ ̹ ΰ踦 ؼ μ ġ (functional value) οް ȴٴ ̴. ׷ ȥ̷а 忡 ϸ ȭ ġ ̳ ȸ̷п ϵ ܼ ѻ ߰ϴ (doubling) ڿ Ÿ Ǵ ƴϹǷ dz ո øδ ȭ ߽ Ǵ ΰ踦 ְ м ٴ ̴. ȥ̷а и ϴ ȭ ߽ ̷ ΰ ٺ м Ʋ ü ޶ Ѵٴ ̴. ȭȯ̶ ܼ λ̻ ̿ ̷ ΰ (summation of individual acts) ƴ϶ ̵ ΰ ξ ɰϴ ʰ (supra-individual) ԵǴ ŭ ȭ ߽ Ǵ ȸ ȣ Ͽ ȯ̷δ ٴ ̴.

 ̿Ͱ ܼ ȸ 翡 ġġʰ  Ư ȸ  ٲ ŵϿ (initial condition)ʹ ٸ ü Ÿ Ǵ°56) ȥ̷ ߸ ظҼ ̴. ̴ ġ ΰ ȸ ΰ ü ϰ ִ ü ̳ ɸ· ɼ ٿ ȭ Ű ̷ ΰ ̵鰣 ξ Ƿ°踦 Ҽ ٴ ̴. ٵ ȭ ξ ΰ踦 ܼ ƴ϶ 躸 · Ÿ Ƿ° ƾ ϴµ, ó 谡 Ƿ° ϴ ܼ űⴱdz ıⱸ̷δ мü ұ ϴٴ ȸڵ鰣 ϰ ִ ̴.




  VI ȸ̷μ ȥ̷ İ




Ϻ ȸڵ ̹ ٿͰ57) ıⱸǴ ȸ̷ ־ٰ ϱ⺸ٴ ȥ ߽Ų ǰ ִ. ȸ ȥ ȸ ϰ Ͽ ȥ ȥӿ ã ϴ õ ڵ ٷ ıⱸ ̷а̶ Ȥ ϰ ִ. ̷ ȥ¿ ϱ ٴ ڿ ̷ ȥ ȸ ϴ Ը õϰ ִڵ ȥ̷а̴.

 ׷ ȥ̷ ϴ ȸڵ ޼ϰϴ ǥ ΰ Ȯϰ ľϱ ؼ ȸп ϴ ȥ̷ 캼 ʿ䰡 ִ.  ߿ Ǹ ϸ:




 ) ȥ̷п ϴ ȥ(chaos) (complete randomness) ǹϴ ƴϴ. Ư Ȳ Ҵ ȸ̶ ڿ ϸ κ ذ Ǹ ã ̴

 ) ȸ̷ ű ߴ޷ ݺϴ ȸ ȸ ظϱؼ Ұϰ ڿ ̷ κγ ̴. ȥ̷ ڿи 빰 .

 ) ׷ٰ ڿп Ե ȥ̷ ȸ ̷ üϸ ݹ̴. ġ νŸ ̷ ̷ üϱ ٴ Ͽ ȥ̷ ȸп Եʿ ȸ ̷ ȭǾ ̴.           

 ) ȥ̷ ȸп ԵǸ鼭 ȸ ܼ ؼϷϿ ȸڵ ȸ̶ ܼ ̷кٴ ܼ õؾ Ѵٴ ϰ Ǿ. ȯ湮 ٷ ŷеǴ ̾ (Gaia hypothesis)58) ȥ̷п ؾ߸ ظɼ ִ.

  ׷ ȥ̷ ̷ ῩǾ ־ ̷ Ҹ ⺸ٴ ȸ мϴ ܼ ϳ п ʴ´ٴ ȸڵ ȸп ȥ̷  ΰ ٺ ϰ ִ. Ϻ ȸڵ ׺ ٸ ȥ̷ ̷ ƴ Ư Ƿ ȥ̷ ȸп ̷С ϰ ȴٸ ܼ ϳ ̷ аϰԵǴ ϰԵ 輺 ϰ ִ.

 ׷ ⼭ Ѱ и ڰ ؿ ٿ 59) ȸ ݻȸ

̷, ű, ׸ ıⱸ̷δ ִ Ȳ ó ޺ϴ ȸ ̷ 鿡 Ųپ ֱ ȥ̷̶ ̴. ı ȸ ׳ Ǿ . (time-space compression) ȸ Ư ʿϿ ǰ ִ ο ȸ ϱ ؼ ȸڵ ϴ ġʴ ȥ̷ 濡 ó ִ ̴.     

  ü ǿ ȥ̷ ȸ ߿ ȸ ̷ λҼ ۿ° 캸. ̷, ű, ıⱸǴ ıȸ 1 ΰ (primary relationships) 2 ΰ (secondary relationships) Ҽ ־ 𸣳, ű (info-tech)60) ߴ 깰 ȸ ΰ(ΰ ?) 3 ΰ (tertiary relationships) 4 ΰ (quaternary relationships) ȥ̷ ü Ըس ȸ ȸ ȸ󰣿 ð (divide) о ۿ ̴. ⼭ ϴ 3 ΰ 1 ΰ質 2 ΰ迡ó ΰ踦 Կ ־ ݵ ǹ (real presence) λ ̻ ʰ ΰ ΰ̿ 谡 Ͽ ΰ踦 ϰԵ ǹѴ.

 ⼭ ϴ 3 ΰ ̻ ȣ ϵ ѻ ΰ̳ ѻ ΰ ϴ , ΰ (vitual presence) ؼ ΰ ǹѴ. 4ΰ ΰ谡 迡 ؼ Ǵ ȸ ٷο ȸ ڰð ٷ ֿ Ѵ61).

 ȸ ΰ ΰ ʰ ΰ 踦 Ҽ ۿ Ȳ ű ܼ ϰ ΰ ȸ (social character)62) ȴ. ׷ ȥ̷а ϰ ֵ ȸ ΰ踦 ۵̳ Ǵ ڿ Ǵ ڿ õѴٰϿ, ȸ ΰ谡 б Ư ű ؼ ȴٴ ϴ ƴϴ.

  ȸп ȥ̷а ϴ ȸ Կ ־ ǿܽ Ͽ б (ű) ȸ ȸ а μ б ްԵ ̷ ΰȸ ְ м ڴ ̴. ̸ б ȸ (social construction of technology-SCOT)63) ٷ ȸп ȥ̷ ̸ Ÿ ̴.      

            
































                 <  Summary in English ()   >










 Sociological Theories of the 21st Century: Their Contentions

     and Perspectives:

  ---Neo-functionalism, Post-structuralism, Complexity & Chaos Theory ---

                          

                                                         Hung-Tak Lee*          

                    

   For an analysis of cyberspace sociality or human interaction in the techno-social sphere of the information society, sociologists in the 21st century would have to come up with a theory or theories entirely different from Parsonian and Mertonian structural-functionalism, neo-functionalism, and from "disorderly" post-structuralism.

   Whether we want it or not, in sociological journals and textbooks, we come across concrete evidences that testify to the usefulness of chaos theory, (not only as a pure theory and but also as a method), in sociological analysis and point out the fact that chaos theory should not be limited to the study of physical events, but should be expanded to cover biological and social phenomena as well.

   Chaos theory has virtually de-constructed the old concepts of social relationships and of community that we have been accustomed to for centuries and does provide a good example that the chaotic dynamics can better elucidate those emergent phenomena for which traditional sociological theories and methods have been proven to be grossly inadequate.               

                  







                                     ( # )










     ____________________________

  * Professor of sociology, College of Social Sciences








: http://maincc.hufs.ac.kr/~htlee/cwb-data/data/sociology/chaos.hwp





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