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Author: Critchley, Simon, 1960- Source: Research in Phenomenology v. 28 (1998) pp. 72-90 THE ETHICS OF THE REAL In Seminar VII, The Ethics of Psychoanalysis (1959-60), Lacan's thesis is that the ethical as such is articulated in relation to the order of the real, which is variously and obscurely glossed as "that which resists, the impossible, that which always comes back to the same place, the limit of all symbolization, etc. etc." Indeed this thesis is finessed in the following, crucial way: namely, that the ethical, which affirms itself in opposition to pleasure (hence Lacan's linking of the reality principle and the death drive, of Freud's very early and very late work, insofar as both are articulating what is opposed to or beyond the pleasure principle), is articulated in relation to the real insofar as the latter can be the guarantor of what Lacan calls, following a certain idiosyncratic and radical reading of Freud, das Ding, la Chose, the Thing.(FN2) The whole thematic of das Ding, which, it would seem, only appears in Seminar VII (although what is named by das Ding might be said to be replaced later in Lacan's work in the guise of the "objet petit a"--the cause of desire in the subject), is somewhat tortuous, overdetermined as it is with suggestive but unspecific Heideggerian and Kantian allusions. Although Lacan places das Ding at the very centre of Freud's work, insofar as that work is, for him, governed by a founding ethical intuition, the central Freudian text that motivates Lacan's discussion of das Ding appears very briefly towards the end of the 1895 Entwurf einer Psychologie, only published in 1950. As has often been remarked, the Entwurf is an uncannily prophetic piece of writing that anticipates the metapsychology of the First Topography elaborated in chapter 7 of the Traumdeutung and much of the Second Topography, particularly the economic analysis of the death drive in chapters 4 and 5 of Beyond the Pleasure Principle.(FN3) I shall examine the relevant passage from the Entwurf below, but the remark that is picked up and developed by Lacan is that the figure of the Nebenmensch, the fellow human being, the neighbor, what I shall call below le petit bonhomme, appears to the subject "als Ding."(FN4) Such is what Freud suggestively calls "der Komplex des Nebenmenschen," the complex of the fellow human being. a