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Q╡aаБТI╡ AЭбзaРaп(Emmanuel Levinas, 1905-1995)Б╖ ФOkQНGсG (▒Лw╤a╥, ў╕епЕв┴╤e╡БКе╢ aКБо) AЭбзaРaпeУ aЛБ╖ aмwмБ╖ б┴бЛA╡см Х╥A▒I╡┴Й a╨б╖AХсИБ╖ w╡╖╨i╖ wИa╨AЙ hдv┤хФ e╤wмb╨a╕a╢, йпе╣aмwмaИv╡aФ. сФВ╢б╖ aЛeУ в╗є╕ Х╥A▒I╡┴Й a╨б╖AХсИБ╖ wИБ╖iЯ 2a└БФх╕ х╕A╡ вХй╖A╡см iЧe╖ A╣a╕б╖бЛбХ a╨aФ. Х╥A▒I╡бЭБжс╚ aЛeУ е╣Б╕┴╡ e╤wмБ╖ ~L╔KVRiЯ eдБФa╨eУ їИi╖ Бд╢╢бЙ, e╤wмб╖ БКA┴т╕ б╗w═┴Й e╡┼ЙAЦeУ їИi╖ Бд╢╢aФ. aЛбЯбЙ Б╖впA╡ Б╖a╨a╡ aЙ╖РEЦ БФwмБ╖ БдБ╥A╡ wаbИEЦ бЩeУ q┤бпт╕е╖ БвБФБ╖ б╣хИi╖ e╤wмb╨б╖ Бвбпa╨б╗ g┤бЙ ╢╖aФeУ їИбХ aЛeУ с╚bЧa╨v╡aФ. aЛбЯбЙ a╨б╖AХсИA╡ БФe╨ aЛБ╖ е╣wЙe╖ a╨б╖AХсИБ╖ aРб├s╤bЭA╡ БФe╨ aЛБ╖ w╢смi╨ Бо Ї┤eУ A┴ё╨┴Й q╨AН eИaФ. aЛeУ a╨б╖AХсИбЭБжс╚ е╣Б╕┴╡ е╣Б╕a╕Б╖ ЕжбЯA╡ БФe╨ ╝Лe╖ aмwмA╡ e╟ qИ╖Хi╖ hдv┤aФ. aЛсЬaР aЛeУ A╖Б╚е╖б╖aФ. ё╕a└бЭ aЛeУ <@N;MмD>i╖ сдбЯбЙ е╖eИБ╖ щ┤ЙКi╖ aИе╗ <■QЦL╙GkQ>A╡бЭ сКb└a╨eбсм Х╥A▒I╡┴Й a╨б╖AХсИбеaФ бЭE╣a┐aдб╖a╟(Franz Rosenzweig)┴╡ AпбмбУ(Chouchani)┴╡ {Иe╖ A╖Б╚aКБ╖ aпwпa╖бЭ Бжс╚ 4i╚БвaЧAЗM4i╖ БдБ╢бЙ A╖Б╚aКiЯ БдwЙa╖бЭ e╨ w╤б╖wмb╨i╖ х╕БИa╨v╡aФ. aЛхЬ ЕжбЛё╕e╖ 2a└AнБЙБФх╕ Ч║ A╖Б╚е╖a╖бЭ вХй╖Б╖ wИA╣ Боw╢бнБ╖ qПв┐e╨ q└wмi╖ ▒ббн A┴ё╨a╨бЙ eР б╖Б╥Бжс╚aФ. aЛсЬaР б┴бЛ┴╡ Б╥бЛaмб╖Б╖ e╟ eФщ╕б╖ ╢╖eУ їИб╖ a┤бУaФ. б┴бЛeУ e╤wмb╨т╕ йпе╣щ└b╨Б╖ w╢с┤бЭ, Б╥бЛeУ A╖Б╚aКБ╖ aмwм┴Й w╢с┤бЭ щ└b╨т╕ х┤с┤iЯ БКaмa╨v╡i╖ Екб╖aФ. AХбЯaФeУ AЭбзaРaпБ╖ щ└b╨i╖ й╖щ─с┤ e╟ a╕bЛт╕е╖ a╬e╤a╖бЭ <XP°F─GйQєL>aЬбЙ iаa╨v╡eУAХ, сИбЛA╡eУ aЛщЬeаe╨ б╖A╖aИ ╢╖aФ. AХбЯaФeУ AЭбзaРaпaИ ▌QяGkQi╖ a╠AКбпе╟ пQ┬O\NvLБ╖ ▓RRIбЭ бебЙ ╢╖б╗eа, aЛ¤ЬAЙ eИeФб╙ б╖б┤бЛi╨ й╖e╖ a┤еУ їИ {ИaФ. aЛсЬeб aЛeУ с╡ aЛхЬ w═aИiЯ hдeУaИ? AЭбзaРaпeУ бЙБФ Б╙sЬБ╖ i╠AббУAХaпA╡см Бжс╚ 2000a╡eСeИ Й║иЙ БРaЭ е╡ см╖┤щ└b╨aмБ╖ \N┌DiЯ сИБжa╨бЙ a╠AКa╨v╡бЛ БШЕвб╖aФ. aЛсЬeб aЛ Б║AЯaИ Бвї┤е╖aИ? aЛїИe╖ <─LєLЪNКI>Б╖ НG>A, <@N;MЪNКI>Б╖ НG>A, <▌Q@NЪNКI>Б╖ НG>A, <ЖM┬OhH>Б╖ НG>A, <└F PhHЪNКI>Б╖ НG>A wЧi╖ iаe╨aФ. aЛхЬ Б║AЯ |┤A╡см х┤A╣aР <LCJhH>, <@N;MєL>, <яF;M>, <╩PСLhH> wЧe╖ х└тФБКсЬбЛбЭ с┬sЛhдa┤ ╓╡aФ. aдбЭ AЭбзaРaпeУ б╖ х└тФБКсЬбЛБ╖ епAнA╡ ╢╖хФ їИiЧi╖ Бм│ЭAЙ Б╨тмa╨v╡aФ. б╖їИб╖ aЛБ╖ aмwмБ╖ вХw└ўмб╖aФ. aдбЭ AЭбзaРaпeУ <aФ╖┤ўм>A╡ w╤б╖wмb╨т╕ Б╖бгiЯ Бжa╡a╨бЙ, <ЖM┬OsM беe═ўм>┴Й <╖╔й╖ўм>i╖ сИБжa╨a╡ w╤б╖wмb╨e╖ <╬E{Q>┴Й <iPєL>┴╡ <╩PСLhH>i╖ aдaЬбеeУ йЛ▒╖i╖ Й║иЙ iаe╨aФ. aЛ йЛб╖ <w╤б╖wмb╨>б╖a╢, <E╖бЯb╨>б╖a╢, <б╗Б╤>a╢, <w═┴╤>a╢, <i╗сИС╢>Б╖ wдбХaФ. 4ЖI@NA╡см ЖI@NєLA╡бЭ4(De l'exitence р l'existant)A╡см AЭбзaРaпeУ a╨б╖AХсИт╕б╖eбсм a╨б╖AХсИт╕е╖ їИA╡см їдс┤eРaФ. aЛeУ сИбЛсм <╢╖aФ>(il y a)aЬeУ ╖ХaмaИ a╬e╤a╨бЙ ╢╖eУ Ч║ўмт╕б╖бЙ в╖wбт╕е╖ е╣Б╕Б╖ AнБЙA╡см с┤¤ШAЙ <БКA┴т╕ ЖI@NєL>aИ сШб╡aЯAЙ AЦeУaИiЯ jдб╙бЙ ╢╖aФ. БКA┴т╕ йпе╣a╕Б╖ wЧw╕e╖ в╖wбБ╖ е╣Б╕A╡ БФe╨ A╣с┤a╢ Б╨wдi╖ uЫe╨aФ. aЛeУ a╨б╖AХсИт╕е╖ <╢╖aФ>Б╖ ╖ХaмeУ Гез бнaЬ єМй╗i╖ сКA╡ БФeб aдqЬбнбЯaР a╠бХбнбЯ {Иe╖ їИДб╖ aРeУ їИс└ёЬ, ГwдA╡ hИе╙ a┤бЛaИ aд{МA╡см aРeУ с┤eЯiЧБ╖ бнбЯiЯ бЙa╢ внA╡см hЧeУ їИД┴Й {Иe╖ <╬EoLъEБ╖ wЙё╨>┴Й {ИaФбЙ бзA╖a╨v╡aФ. aЛхЬ <БвБ╖бгБ╖ wЙё╨> БШЕвA╡ a╨б╖AХсИeУ е╣Б╕Б╖ wЙё╨i╖ <Йжe┤> <╬E> <В║q╖>Б╖ їИA╡ aИaМб╖ Бдб├бпv┼aФ. aЛхЬAХ AЭбзaРaпeУ aЛхЬ <╢╖aФ>Б╖ Ч║ўмт╕ wЙё╨Б╖ ╖Йб═A╡см їдс┤iР їИi╖ A╣Б╖a╨v╡aФ. aЛхЬ <╢╖aФ>Б╖ wЙё╨A╡см ╡нa┤aРeУ ЖI@NєLaИ <iPмLБ╖ щ┤ЙК>Б╖ <aРa╚qР>(l'щpiphanie)б╖aФ. iPмLБ╖ Й┬e╤e╖ е╖впi╖ с╢e╨ е╖eИb╨т╕ БФwмб╖ a┤бУaФ. iPмLi╖ е╖впБ╖ БФwмa╖бЭ с┬sЛq╨e╖ iPмLA╡AЙ в═bЭi╖ aИa╨eУ Ч╨с╢aФ. iPмLБ╖ щ┤ЙКб╖ iдaИїдe╖ ббsпa╖бЭ aРa╚qРe╖ <сРeУ iме╖a╨б╗ iаaЬ>aЬeУ wбwЭi╖ hдeУ їИ┴Й {ИaФ. iPмLe╖ aР┴╡ aФeЯ <щ╕БФт╕ iPєL>aФ. aЛсЬaгбЭ iPмLe╖ с┤хШ aРБ╖ w╕b┤ бЛбХA╡бХ ┼╤е╢AЦб╗ g┤eУ <СLiPhH>(l'altщritщ)б╖a╢, <EKEhH>(l'extщrioritщ)б╖aФ. iPмLe╖ iPмLi╖ БРaИ е╖впa╨бЛ с╢e╨ oLhIБ╖ ╡N╜QhHi╖ e╨Ї┤б╖ ёРс┤см ╢╖aФ. aЛeУ aФeЯ aмqЬб╖a╢, aЛБЬсм <┌OхK>б╖aФ. ббeЧ б╖бгб╗eУ х┤A╣aР wм╫╤т╕е╖ ВаbЬ┴ЙБ╖ e╡┼Й a┤БЬсм aРa╚aРб╗eа, AЭбзaРaпБ╖ iPмL┴Й aЛ щ┤ЙКe╖ aмA╥т╕ ┼ЙБЙaИ a└eФEЦ LЗeмL┴Й {ИaФ. aЛ iPмLe╖ х┤A╣aР b╡aмA╡см iPмLa╖бЭ с┬sЛAЦс┤ е╡ A╖Б╚е╖Б╖ a╕┴╤wмб╖aЬбЙ беa┤бХ ╜╣a╖бЯaЬ. б╖ iPмLБ╖ Й┬e╤A╡ БФa╨a╡ aЛїИe╖ <@N;MмD>Б╖ ЕвA╣aИ a┤бУбЙ, <?LE>Б╖ ЕвA╣aФ. aЛ E╖бЯaИ иЙ <В└▒╖qИ>б╖aФ. aРeУ iPмLБ╖ щ┤ЙК┴Й aЛ a╬ў╕A╡ БФa╨a╡ В└▒╖i╖ б╗еУ <Б└Бвa╕>┴╡ {ИaФ. a╚е╖A╡ БФe╨ Б╖Бв┴╡ В└▒╖e╖ БФ╖├т╕ ┼ЙБЙaИ a┤бУбЙ wмб╤ўмб╖ Ї┤eУ й╖wдт╕ ┼ЙБЙaФ. b╗ aРeУ a╚е╖Б╖ щ┤ЙКA╡ ве╖╣a╨бЛ с╢a╨a╡ хмВ╚AЦЎ┤aФбЙ AЭбзaРaпeУ ЧмbИe╨aФ. ГaРeУ б╡в╗ a╚е╖A╡ є╕eЛq╨a╖бЭс░eа aРeУ aР a╕епA╡ q└тмa╨AЙ EЦaФ.Д aЛсЬaгбЭ Б║A┴eУ х┤A╣aР a╚е╖i╖ с╢e╨ <е╖й╗>(l'otage)б╖aФ. б╖ БШA╡ <е╖й╗>б╖eЬ БИqСe╖ Б║A┴aИ a╕бЛ a╕епвнA╡ e┤Б║a╨сИaР e═б╙ соeУ їИб╖ a┤бУaЬ, a╕бЛ б╖Х╢i╖ с╢a╨a╡ Гa╕епi╖ сдбЯeУ їИД(se dщ-prendre de soi)i╖ uЫe╨aФ. б╖хЬ a╕бЛБжў╕внA╡см E╖бЯ(l'ethique)aИ aРa╚eРaФ. E╖бЯбХ a╕бЛ a╕епA╡ ╡бbдa╤ ╢╖eУ a╕a┤┴╡Б╖ eФщ╕i╖ uЫe╨aФ. епe╖ Б╢бЯA╡AЙ iФбЯ б╡б╗ a┤бУe╨aФ. iPмLБ╖ щ┤ЙКБ╖ P▌Q внA╡ wIб╖ БРБ╕Б╨ ╢╖aФ. wIe╖ <@N;MмDsM ЖM┬OhH>(la totalitщ ontologique)б╖ a┤бУбЙ a╨aРБ╖ <w╤б╖wмb╨т╕е╖ ╬E{Q>(l'infini mщtaphysique)б╖aФ. AЭбзaРaпБ╖ щ└b╨A╡eУ <@N;MмD>┴Й <■QЦL╙GkQ>, <ЖM┬OhH>┴Й <╬E{Q>┴ЙБ╖ БФ│Яб╖ ╢╖aФ. <╬E{Q>б╖eЬ <infini>Б╖ БИqСA╡eУ БЦ aИб╗Б╖ uЫб╖ ╖ХбпA╡ qФaЙ ╢╖aФ. <in-fini>Б╖ є╕БЦс┤ 4in4e╖ <A╖e╨>(le fini)Б╖ Бжў╕б╖eбсм ╖ХбпA╡ <A╖e╨> вн(dans)A╡ qФеЛ їИб╖aЬeУ uЫi╖ БРб═a╨бЙ ╢╖aФ. aЛсЬaгбЭ ╬E{Qe╨ wIБ╖ БИбпeУ wбwЭб╖a╢ єдб╖б╗eа iЙб┼ <Б║A╣┴╤IЦ Бо ╢╖сИaР>(thщmatisable) бЩeУ <a╬wм┴╤ IЦ Бо Ї┤eУ>(reprщsentable) їИб╖ a┤бУaФ. aЛїИe╖ a╨aРБ╖ e╙т╕(la trace)Б╖ w╡b╡б╖aФ. <e╙т╕>e╖ a┤в╗бХ qРa┤см Б╢бЯA╡AЙ ▌Q@Na╨eУ aЛхЬ 9QhIб╖ a┤бУaФ. e╙т╕e╖ aмaЬa╣ б╖бг ┴ЙсИaИ EЦ aЛхЬ e╙т╕б╖бЛA╡ <яF;M>(l'absence)┴╡ {ИaФ. <яF;M>eУ <▌Q@N>┴Й aФeЯ iPєLaФ. wIe╖ A╖e╨e╨ Б╢бЯ е╖eИ┴Й aФeЯ щ╕БФт╕ Бвe╨a╖бЭсмБ╖ iPєLaФ. aЛсЬaгбЭ Б╢бЯeУ wIA╡AЙсм с┤хШ ▌Q@NsMе╖ с╢e┤бХ БКе╢бХ бЛБФi╨ Бо Ї┤aФ. aЛ wIб╖ L{Qe╨ iPєLе╖ iPмLБ╖ щ┤ЙК внA╡ БРБ╕Б╨ ╢╖aФ. wIe╖ ┌OхKsMб╖aб ╖ХбпA╡ ¤B;MsMб╖aФ. б┴й╢т╕б╖aЬ q╨e╖ L{QБ╖ iPєLБ╖ їF╟Mб╖aб БРБ╕т╕б╖aЬ q╨e╖ iPмLБ╖ щ┤ЙКa╬ў╕ внA╡ aРa╚qРi╖ й╖ш─eУaФ. a░aЯa╦aЯA╡AЙeУ <Б╢бЯaИ a╕A╖aпєЬбХвЭ с╕Б║hдe╖ е╣Б╕>б╖бЙ, AбiЯбЭ-╖йбЫA╡AЙeУ <Б╢бЯaИ б╖бг с┤хШ Б╖бгвнA╡ Е╢wбб╗б╢a╣ ╢╖aФ>eб, AЭбзaРaпA╡ ╢╖с┤см <Б╢бЯeУ iPмLA╡ БФe╨ A║Б╖вп внA╡ ╜Сa╡ ╢╖eУ> Qнб╖aФ. a╚е╖б╖ aРA╡AЙ х┤A╣aР E╖бЯт╕ В└▒╖qИi╖ ЙжсЬ й╖a╖б╟бЛA╡, aЛ a╚е╖б╖ aРiЯ Бвe╨б╙ Б╨wдбпa┼ Е║aФ. a╚е╖e╖ a╨aРБ╖ <w╤б╖wмb╨т╕ A╢eбўм>б╖aФ. БРвнA╡ a╚е╖б╖ ╢╖eУ їИб╖ a┤бУaФ. AЭбзaРaпA╡ Б╖a╨eб w═┴╤eУ <w╤б╖wмb╨т╕ A╢eбўм>б╖a╢, х╕Ч╕e╖ <е╣Б╕еЭт╕ х╕A┴ўм>б╖a╢, <е╣Б╕еЭт╕ БРeбўм>б╖aФ. ббeЧ х╕Ч╕e╖ х╕A┴ўмi╖ Ч╕с┬a╨бЛ с╢e╨ е╣Б╕ БРт╕ iИwЧб╖aФ. w═┴╤eУ <{Иe╖ їИ>(le mъme)Б╖ wпбЯaИ a┤бУбЙ, <aФeЯ їИ>(l'autre)i╖ ёмбЛeУ <е╣Б╕еЭт╕ зFE>(la sщparation ontologique)A╡см ЧмеЛaФ. <е╣Б╕еЭт╕ зFE>eУ ╖╣s╨б╖aР х╕A┴т╕ ╖╔й╖б╖ a┤бУбЙ, iPмLi╖ iPмLa╖бЭ, aЛсЬaР aЛ a╚е╖i╖ б╖Х╢a╖бЭ ёмбЛeУ зFE┴╡ ┼Й▒пБ╖ aФ╖┤ўм┴Й {ИaФ. е╖eИe╖ iебЯ┴╡ бЙвХ внA╡см w═┴╤iЯ ╡╗eУaФ. х╕A┴ўмe╖ е╣Б╕a╕Б╖ Бвe╨┴Й aФaЯaФ. @N;MєLБ╖ ╬E{Qб╖ @N;MБ╖ х╕A┴ўмi╖ й╥е│ wУaИe╨aФ. @N;MA╡AЙeУ aЛ cдA╡ aФeЯ їИб╖ Ї┤б╗eа, @N;MєL(ЖI@NєL)A╡AЙeУ A╢eбўмб╖ ╢╖бЙ, aЛ A╢eбўмб╖ aРiЯ Ч╬a╢a╨AЙ(fщcond)a╨бЙ, В║q╖б╖ щ╕БФт╕ a╚a╕бЭсм е╡aФ. е╣Б╕eУ В║q╖i╖ ббaЯaР е╣Б╕a╕eУ e┤aФ. aЛсЬaгбЭ <й╧a╢>(le besoin)┴╡ <b╢wа>(le dщsir)i╖ е╤╖ХБ╨смeУ e┤ EЦaФ. й╧a╢eУ ╖Хй╗т╕е╖ їИi╖ беЧ┬a╨бЙa╕ a╨eУ е╣Б╕еЭт╕ a╢БКaР, b╢wаe╖ eЛеет╕е╖ СLiPhHБ╖ a╬e╤б╖aФ. А╪n